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質問 # 18
The IEEE 802.11 Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) service is capable of performing what functions? (Choose 2)
- A. Testing channels for radar before using a channel and while operating in a channel
- B. Requesting and reporting of measurements in the current and other channels
- C. Using modulation switching techniques to avoid interfering with radar systems
- D. Establishing an interference baseline on all 2.4 GHz channels
- E. Suspending operations on a channel with high IEEE 802.11 co-channel interference
正解：A、B
質問 # 19
While troubleshooting DHCP issues, you perform a protocol capture in order to determine if the DNCP pool is depleted. The capture does not show DHCPnak messages. Where else could you look to determine if the pool is depleted?
- A. AP logs
- B. Switch logs
- C. Spectrum analyzer
- D. DHCP server logs
正解：D
質問 # 20
In which 802.11 frames is the SSID present, provided the SSID is not removed through proprietary software configuration by an administrator? (Choose 3)
- A. Probe Response
- B. Association Response
- C. Disassociation
- D. Reassociation Request
- E. Association Request
- F. Authentication
正解：A、D、E
質問 # 21
WMM-PS trigger frames can be what type of IEEE 802.11 frames? (Choose 2)
- A. CTS
- B. QoS Data
- C. Reassociation
- D. PS-Poll
- E. QoS Action
- F. QoS Null
正解：B、F
質問 # 22
What two IEEE 802.11 entities may be used to separate successful transmissions within an EDCA TXOP? (Choose 2)
- A. SIFS
- B. AIFS
- C. RIFS
- D. EIFS
- E. CAP
- F. PIFS
- G. ACK
正解：A、C
質問 # 23
The 802.11r-2008 amendment to the 802.11 specification introduces what new Information Elements (IEs) to facilitate fast BSS transitions? (Choose 2)
- A. RSN IE (Robust Security Network)
- B. DS IE (Distribution System)
- C. HT IE (High Throughput)
- D. MD IE (Mobility Domain)
- E. FT IE (Fast Transition)
- F. FSR IE (Fast Secure Roaming)
正解：D、E
質問 # 24
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, to which portion of the frame is the encryption applied?
- A. Frame body including the LLC
- B. The whole MPDU
- C. Frame body excluding the LLC
- D. Frame body and MAC Header
正解：A
解説：
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, the encryption is applied to the frame body including the LLCPDU. The LLCPDU (Logical Link Control Protocol Data Unit) is a part of the frame body that contains information such as protocol type, source and destination service access points (SAPs), and control fields. The LLCPDU is added by the LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer to provide multiplexing and flow control functions for different upper layer protocols. When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, which uses AES-CCMP as its encryption algorithm, both the payload and the LLCPDU are encrypted as a single unit. The MAC header and FCS are not encrypted, as they are needed for addressing and error detection purposes.
質問 # 25
You have implemented an AP at a remote office. It is a single-band AP supporting 802.11ac.
Several users complain that their laptops cannot connect to the WLAN. These laptops are from multiple vendors and range in age from 2 to 4 years. The SSID and security profile settings are correct. All default settings were used on the AP with the exception of the SSID and security settings. What is the most likely issue preventing these STAs from connecting to the AP?
- A. They are 5 GHz-only devices
- B. They are 2.4 GHz-only devices
- C. They do not support VHI and only support OFDM
- D. They do not support the basic data rates
正解：A
質問 # 26
Which one of the following is not a valid reason for an AP to fail a STAs association?
- A. Requesting station does not support all the required data rates
- B. AP is unable to handle additional associations
- C. Does not support the specified authentication algorithm
- D. Requesting station has the wrong PSK
正解：D
質問 # 27
A manufacturing facility has installed a new automation system which incorporates an 802.11 wireless network. The automation system is controlled from tablet computers connected via the WLAN. However, the automation system has not gone live due to problem with the tablets connecting to the WLAN. The WLAN vendor has been onsite to perform a survey and confirmed good primary and secondary coverage across the facility. As a CWAP you are called in to perform Spectrum Analysis to identify any interference sources. From the spectrum analysis, you did not identify any interference sources but were able to correctly identify the issue. Which of the following issues did you identify from the spectrum analysis?
- A. There is a power mismatch between the APs and the clients
- B. A high noise floor has resulted in a SNR of less than 20%
- C. The tablets are entering power save mode and failing to wake up to receive the access points transmissions
- D. The tablets are connecting to the wrong SSID
正解：A
解説：
The most likely issue that can be identified from the spectrum analysis is a power mismatch between the APs and the clients. A power mismatch occurs when the APs transmit at a higher power level than the clients, or vice versa. This can cause asymmetric communication, where one side can hear the other, but not vice versa. This can result in poor performance, disconnections, or packet loss. A spectrum analysis can reveal a power mismatch by showing different signal amplitudes or RSSI values for the APs and the clients on the same channel or frequency. The other options are not correct, as they cannot be identified from the spectrum analysis alone. The tablets' SSID, power save mode, and noise floor can be determined by using other tools or methods, such as protocol analysis, site survey, or device configuration.
質問 # 28
You are responsible for troubleshooting and analysis of the WLAN in your organization that supports more than 700 client STAs. Forty APs are deployed and they are all dual-band APs and are controller-based. You must troubleshoot the wired side in some scenarios using a protocol analyzer. Which one of the following problems would warrant wired-side analysis in most situations?
- A. WMM QoS issues
- B. High 802.11 CRC rates
- C. DHCP problems
- D. High 802.11 retry rates
正解：A
質問 # 29
Why would a STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement send a Neighbor Request to an AP?
- A. To request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates
- B. To learn about neighboring interference sources and tune its RF radio accordingly
- C. To request a list of neighboring STAs which enables the STA to better pick the right protection mechanisms
- D. To inform the current AP about the STA's intent to roam to a neighboring AP, ensuring a seamless handover
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
A STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement would send a Neighbor Request to an AP to request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates. A Neighbor Request is an Action frame that contains a subelement specifying the type of information that the STA wants to receive from the AP. A Neighbor Report is an Action frame that contains a subelement with a list of neighboring APs that match the criteria specified in the Neighbor Request. The Neighbor Report provides information such as BSSID, channel, operating class, and PHY type of each neighboring AP. This information helps the STA to perform intelligent roaming decisions based on signal quality, load, and compatibility . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 435.
質問 # 30
As the WLAN administrator in your organization you are responsible for troubleshooting connection issues. Several STAs are connecting to the network, but are unable to communicate after connection. You suspect a DHCP problem. After capturing traffic on the wired-side of the AP, you want to view only DHCP traffic. What filter in Wireshark can be used for this purpose?
- A. DHCPv4
- B. BOOTP
- C. DHCPv6
- D. DHCP
正解：B
質問 # 31
When performing protocol analysis, you notice a high number of RTS/CTS frames being transmitted on an HT network. You suspect this may be due to HT protection mechanisms. Where in the Beacon frame would you look to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in?
- A. HT Protection Element
- B. HT Information Element
- C. Non-HT Present Element
- D. HT Operation Element
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
When performing protocol analysis, you would look at the HT Information Element in the Beacon frame to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in. The HT Information Element contains various subfields that provide information about the HT network configuration and operation. One of these subfields is the HT Protection field, which indicates whether any protection mechanisms are required for mixed-mode operation with non-HT STAs. The four possible values for this field are:
No Protection: No protection mechanisms are required.
Non-member Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions.
20 MHz Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions using a 40 MHz channel.
Non-HT Mixed Mode: All HT transmissions must use a non-HT preamble and header . References:
CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11:
802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 378; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 379.
質問 # 32
Given the frame capture and the decode shown,
after which Beacons in the list shown (as indicated by the frame number in the leftmost column) would multicast traffic have been sent in this infrastructure BSS if multicast traffic had been queued for transmission at the access point? (Choose 2)
- A. frame number 53
- B. frame number 54
- C. frame number 57
- D. Framenumber 49
- E. frame number 51
- F. frame number 55
- G. frame number 50
正解：E、F
質問 # 33
Where, in a protocol analyzer, would you find an indication that a frame was transmitted as part of an A-MPDU?
- A. A-MPDU flag in the QoS Control Field
- B. A-MPDU flag in the Frame Control Field
- C. The HT Operation Element
- D. The Aggregation flag in the Radio Tap Header
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
In a protocol analyzer, you would find an indication that a frame was transmitted as part of an A-MPDU by looking at the Aggregation flag in the Radio Tap Header. The Radio Tap Header is a pseudo-header that is added by some wireless capture devices to provide additional information about the physical layer characteristics of a frame. The Aggregation flag is one of the fields in this header, and it indicates whether the frame belongs to an A-MPDU or not. If the flag is set to 1, it means that the frame is part of an A-MPDU; if it is set to 0, it means that the frame is not part of an A-MPDU . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 9: PHY Layer Frame Formats andTechnologies, page 303; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 9: PHY Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 304.
質問 # 34
An RST frame should be acknowledged by which frame?
- A. Ack
- B. CTS
- C. RTS-Ack
- D. Block Ack
正解：B
解説：
An RTS (Request to Send) frame should be acknowledged by a CTS (Clear to Send) frame. An RTS and CTS frame are types of control frames that are used to implement a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS. RTS/CTS is a technique that helps to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame, followed by an ACK (Acknowledgement) frame from the receiver. The other options are not correct, as they are not used to acknowledge an RTS frame. An ACK frame is used to acknowledge a data frame, not an RTS frame. An RTS-Ack frame does not exist, as there is no such type of control frame in 802.11. A Block Ack (BA) frame is used to acknowledge multiple data frames in a single frame, not an RTS frame.
質問 # 35
In the 2.4 GHZ band, what data rate are Probe Requests usually sent at from an unassociated STA?
- A. 6 Mbps
- B. The minimum basic rate
- C. MCS 0
- D. 1 Mbps
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
In the 2.4 GHz band, probe requests are usually sent at the minimum basic rate from an unassociated STA. A probe request is a type of management frame that is transmitted by a STA to discover available BSSs in its vicinity. A probe request can be sent on one or more channels in either passive or active scanning mode. In passive scanning mode, a STA listens for beacon frames from APs on each channel. In active scanning mode, a STA sends probe requests on each channel and waits for probe responses from APs. A probe request is usually sent at the minimum basic rate, which is the lowest data rate among the supported rates that is required for all STAs to join and communicate with a BSS. The minimum basic rate can vary depending on the configuration of each BSS, but it is typically one of these values: 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, or 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. The other options are not correct, as they do not reflect how probe requests are usually sent in the 2.4 GHz band. MCS 0 is a modulation and coding scheme used by 802.11n/ac devices in either band, but it is not a data rate per se. 6 Mbps is a data rate used by OFDM devices in either band, but it is not usually configured as a minimum basic rate in the 2.4 GHz band. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 123-124
質問 # 36
What is the function of the PMD sub-layer?
- A. Performs A-MPDU
- B. Provides framing
- C. Adds a PHY preamble and header to a PSDU
- D. Converts 1s and 0s given to it by the PLCP sub-layer into the appropriate RF signals
正解：D
質問 # 37
Given a protocol analyzer can decrypt WPA2-PSK data packets providing the PSK and SSID are configured in the analyzer software.
When performing packet capture (in a non-FT environment) which frames are required in order for PSK frame decryption to be possible?
- A. Reassociation
- B. Authentication
- C. Probe Response
- D. 4-Way Handshake
正解：D
解説：
The 4-way handshake is the process that establishes the pairwise transient key (PTK) between the client and the AP in WPA2-PSK. The PTK is derived from the PSK, the SSID, and some random numbers exchanged in the handshake frames. The PTK is used to encrypt and decrypt the data frames between the client and the AP. Therefore, in order to decrypt WPA2-PSK data packets, a protocol analyzer needs to capture the 4-way handshake frames and have the PSK and SSID configured in the analyzer software.
質問 # 38
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