[2025年02月26日] 最新でリアルなL4M2試験問題集解答 [Q11-Q29]

[2025年02月26日] 最新でリアルなL4M2試験問題集解答

あなたを簡単に合格させるL4M2試験問と正確なDefining Business NeedsのPDF問題

質問 # 11
A procurement manager is writing a conformance specification for a non-core component. She thinks that if the requirements in specification are higher than ISO standards, her company can achieve greater cost-savings. Is the procurement manager's opinion correct?

A. No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organisation
B. Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money
C. No, because higher specification may incur additional costs for the buyer
D. Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier

正解：C

解説：
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it.
'No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation': more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer's bargaining power in negotia-tion.
'Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier': in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
'Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money': There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1

質問 # 12
Which of the following provides in-depth detail for both functional and non-functional require-ments and covers assumptions, constraints, performance, dimensions, weights and reliability of a product?

A. Design specification
B. Statement of work
C. Tolerance
D. Performance specification

正解：A

解説：
Design specification is a detailed document providing a list of points regarding a product or pro-cess. For example, the design specification could include required dimensions, environmental fac-tors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, maintenance that will be needed, etc. It may also give specific examples of how the design should be executed, helping others work properly (a guideline for what the person should do).
Performance specification is written requirement that describes the functional performance criteria required for a particular equipment, material, or product.
Tolerance is the permissable limit of a variable used to define a product Statement of work is the document that captures and defines all aspects of a project, including the activities, deliverables and the timetable for the project.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1

質問 # 13
To strengthen its market presence, ABC Group decided to develop a new product. A cross-functional team was formed to discuss the scope and the functions of the product. They will also survey the potential customers to see what they like, what they love, and what they dislike. What is this process called?

A. Value engineering
B. Product standardisation
C. Value analysis
D. Cash flow analysis

正解：A

解説：
As you can see from the scenario, ABC Group is developing the new product. It might be using value engineering. The latter sentences confirm this: the cross-functional team in ABC is mapping the functions and surveying the customers. Their method is known as Kano model.

質問 # 14
Which of the following are characteristics of effective financial markets?
* Market stability is maintained
* Market volatility is encouraged
* Investment is encouraged
* The level of regulation is reduced

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 3 and 4 only
D. 1 and 3 only

正解：D

質問 # 15
Why is the specification considered as the most important document in procurement?

A. It always shifts the balance of bargaining power in favour of the buyer
B. It provides a mean to appraise the performance of supplier
C. It eliminates all possible supply risks
D. It helps the buyer to gain at supplier's loss

正解：B

解説：
Specification is the most important document in procurement because it sets out the quality which supplier must provide. If there is no spec or the spec lacks clarity and details, supplier's perfor-mance may vary and possibly lower than actual requirements. This puts the buyer at risks. On the other hand, if the spec is clear and detailed, the supplier is liable to provide 'fit for purpose' products or perform the service at required level of quality. This will ensure that the buyer achieve 'Right Quality'.

質問 # 16
Which of the following are most likely to negatively affect the suppliers' bargaining power in a specific market? Select TWO that apply:

A. Buyers incur high cost when they change their suppliers
B. There are no differences among suppliers' products
C. Many suppliers are intent on integrating buyers into their business
D. There are almost no threats of backward integration
E. Substitute products are readily available in the market

正解：B、E

解説：
The bargaining power of supplier is a major determinant of the structure of an industry and also how much profit is available to organisation operating in that industry. Supplier is weak if:
- Substitutes are available and easy to access
- Suppliers are small and fragmented
- The industry is important to the seller
- The sellers' product or service is not an important of the industry's value chain
- The sellers' product or service is undifferentiated
- There are no significant switching costs
- There is no threat of forward integration.
Suppliers may have more power:
- If they are in concentrated numbers compared to buyers.
- If there are high switching costs associated with a move to another supplier.
- If they are able to integrate forward or begin producing the product themselves.
- If they have specific expertise or technology needed to manufacture goods.
- If their product is highly differentiated.
- If there are many buyers and none make up significant portions of sales.
- If there are no substitutes available.
- If there are strong end users who can exert power over the organization in favor of a supplier (This can be the case in labor situations).
In all of these cases, the bargaining power of suppliers is high to demand premium prices and set their own timelines.
LO 2, AC 2.2

質問 # 17
Which of the following problems may be identified as open-ended problems? Select TWO that apply:

A. Engine failures cause flight cancellations.
B. A cyber attack takes down whole company's IT system
C. Logistics costs incur a large portion in wholesale prices
D. Shortage of key medicines in healthcare industry
E. The suppliers don't comply with the company's policy on underage labour.

正解：C、E

解説：
Open-ended problem is something stopping the achievement of an objective or blocking progress. To solve this type of problems, procurement professional should find a way to unblock the block-age. In the above question, high logistics cost is an obstacle to cost cutting objective while suppli-er's incompliance prevents the company to achieve its sustainable objective.

質問 # 18
Variances occur when there are differences between the budgeted costs and the actual costs. When are labour cost variances likely to arise?
* When the sales prices change over time due to inflation
* When there is more overtime than is expected
* When a different wage grade of worker is used to complete a task than was planned for
* When the supplier changes from manual to electronic invoicing systems for all transactions

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 2 and 3 only

正解：D

質問 # 19
A CPO is making a business case for acquiring a new computer system. He has set out objective, generated options, cost and benefit of each option and implementation plan. Which of the following elements should be included in the business case?

A. Risk assessment
B. Contract management
C. Operation management
D. Invitation to tender

正解：A

解説：
Before a project commences (either capital purchase or switching to a new supplier), a business case should be developed. The business case outlines the why, what, how, and who necessary to decide if it is worthwhile continuing a project.
Basically, the following criteria can be applied to the assessment of a business case:
1. Objectives
This part describes why you are doing the project. The business objective answers the following questions:
- What is your goal?
- What is needed to overcome the problem?
- How will the project support the business strategy?
2. Option identification and selection
Identify the potential solutions to the problem and describe them in enough detail for the reader to understand.
For instance, if the business case and proposed solution makes use of technology, make sure to explain how the technology is used and define the terms used in a glossary. Since most problems have multiple solutions an option appraisal is often needed. This will explore the potential solutions and recommend the best option.
When writing the initial business case the option appraisal is likely to contain a long list of options and will cover many possibilities. As the project continues a number of options will be rejected. The final business case may contain three to five options - the short list - that includes a do nothing or benchmark option.
3. Benefits and limitations
The benefits and limitations section describes the financial and non-financial benefits in turn. The purpose is to explain why you need a project.
For instance, to:
- Improve quality
- Save costs through efficiencies
- Reduce working capital
- Generate revenue
- Remain competitive
- Improve customer service
- Align to corporate strategy
The business case should also include any limitations since these present potential risk to the pro-ject.
4. Risk management
The risk assessment summarizes the significant project risks and opportunities and how they are managed. The risks included should cover those that could arise from your project or the organiza-tion's ability to deliver change.
This section answers the following questions:
- What risks are involved?
- What are the consequences of a risk happening?
- What opportunities may emerge?
- What plans are in place to deal with the risks?
- Every project should include a risk log.
When writing a business case, make sure this is included as it explains how risk and opportunity are managed.
5. Implementation plan
The outline plan provides a summary of the main activities and overall timescale - project schedule - for the project.
Ideally, the project should be divided into stages with key decisions preceding each stage. Use this section to answer the following questions:
- What is required?
- How is it done?
- Who does what?
- When will things happen?
This outline plan lists the major deliverables and includes a brief project description plus accountabilities for each activity.
In the scenario, the CPO has set out objective, generated options, cost and benefit of each option and implementation plan. In order to make the business case more compelling, he should reinforce it with risk management.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.3

質問 # 20
When procuring a machinery, at which stage buyer must check whether it is working to the stand-ards set out in the design specification?

A. Customer support
B. Manufacture
C. Installation
D. Maintenance and repair activities

正解：C

解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated

Source: Andrew Graves
The installation stage occurs in In-Service Operations. At this stage, the machinery is shipped and installed on the buyer's premises and check to ensure that it is working to the standards set out in the design specification.

質問 # 21
Synergy Ltd is a fast-growing tool and hardware retailer. The company's customer services team has been using Excel worksheets to manage customer relationships. When the company is expend-ing its market presence, this way of working leads to poorer customer services as the database is scattered around in spreadsheet, leading to patchy and inconsistent conversations with customers. The company decides to purchase a CRM system. What requirement should Synergy's procurement team take into account in the specification for CRM system?

A. The relative size of the potential suppliers to Synergy
B. The form and reference number of the purchase order
C. Total number of the supplier's employees
D. The ability to import bulk data from Excel spreadsheets

正解：D

解説：
The purpose of this Question:
to actionable requirements before communicating with the suppliers. The scenario suggests that Synergy Ltd's customer services team is using Excel spreadsheets, they lack a centralised customer database. This leads to problems in communications with customers.
A CRM system can solve the communication problem. But a Question: 100
will the previous data be imported? If the CRM system can support bulk import from Excel tables, it will save a lot of time.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1

質問 # 22
Which of the following are typical benefits of through-life asset management to buying organisa-tion? Select the TWO that apply.

A. Shorter specifications
B. Lower total cost of ownership
C. Better capability of supplier over time
D. Greater supplier's bargaining power
E. Lower risks as there are many suppliers accountable for costs and service over the life of the asset

正解：B、C

解説：
According to Andrew Graves, "Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer." Benefits of through-life asset management can be:
- Lower total life-cycle costs
- Better match between the asset and end-user's needs
- Better supplier capabilities over time because it gains experience of buying organisation's needs.

質問 # 23
A garment manufacturer supplies global retailers with t-shirts, shirts, and linen trousers. Because of currency fluctuations, the manufacturer is aware that they must control their direct costs in order to ensure profits. Which of the following is a direct cost for the garment manufacturer?

A. Cotton fabric
B. Utilities cost
C. Office staff payroll
D. Facilities rent

正解：A

解説：
Detailed Explanation:Cotton fabric is a direct cost because it is directly attributable to the production of the garments. Costs like rent, utilities, and payroll are indirect costs associated with running the business.
Reference: CIPS Level 4, Cost Categorization in Procurement.

質問 # 24
Which of the following activities are considered as primary activities of an organization according to Porter's value chain? Select TWO that apply:

A. Maintenance
B. Assembly design
C. Picking and delivery components
D. Sourcing transportation services
E. Trainees recruitment

正解：A、C

解説：
Primary activities consist of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales & marketing, service.
Second activities consist of firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement The following graph illustrate the value chain (Source: Smartsheet) Graphical user interface, diagram Description automatically generated

Picking and delivery components is inbound logistics.
Maintenance is an example of operations activity.
Sourcing transportation services is an activity of procurement
Assembly design is an activity in research and development (Technology) Recruiting is an activity of human resource management

質問 # 25
A market has a considerable number of buyers and suppliers. Analysis of the market reveals that loyalty from buyers is relatively low and switching to alternative providers is commonplace. Which of the following market characteristics is supporting this type of buyer behaviour?

A. Supplier bargaining strength
B. Increasing use of technology
C. The availability of substitute products
D. Barriers to market entry

正解：C

質問 # 26
Buyers in the same industry with the same understanding of relative value and price may still make different decisions about whether to switch. Which of the following factors may prompt a buying organization to incline toward substitute products?
1. There is potential for backward integration
2. Access to financial resources
3. The switching cost is high
4. The substitute fits organisation's strategy

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 3 and 4 only

正解：C

解説：
The threat of substitution is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Buyers with different circumstances and in different industries do not all have equal propensities to substitute when faced with a comparable economic motivation. Differences in their circumstances lead buyers to respond to a given relative value to price (RVP) and switching cost differently. While such differences might be treated as factors that modify RVP or switching costs, it is more helpful in practice to isolate them.
Resources. Substitution often involves up-front investments of capital and other resources. Access to such resources will differ from one buyer to another.
Risk Profile. Buyers often have very different risk profiles, the result of such things as their past history, age and income, ownership structure, background and orientation of management, and nature of competition in their industry. Buyers prone to risk taking are more likely to substitute than buyers that are risk-averse.
Technological Orientation. Buyers experienced with technological change may be less concerned with some kinds of substitution risks, while extremely aware of others that a less technologically sophisticated buyer would be oblivious to.
Previous Substitutions. The second substitution may be easier for a buyer than the first, unless the first substitution has been a failure. The buyer's uncertainties over undertaking a substitution may have diminished if a past substitution has been successful, or risen if a past substitution has led to difficulties. In the soft drink industry, this seems to have worked to the benefit of aspartame.
Intensity of Rivalry. Buyers under intense competitive pressure and searching for competitive ad-vantage will tend to substitute more quickly to gain a given advantage than those that are not.
Generic Strategy. The RVP of a substitute will have different significance depending on the com-petitive advantage that industrial, commercial, or institutional buyers are seeking or the value of time and particular performance needs of the household buyer. A substitute that offers a cost saving will tend to be of more interest to a cost leader than a differentiator, for example.
Many of these factors that shape the buyer's propensity to substitute will be a function of the particular decision maker who is involved in the purchase decision.
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278-289). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2

質問 # 27
Which of the following is a challenge of making a business case for straight re-buys?

A. Research of procurement process
B. Effective inventory control
C. Identifying suitable suppliers
D. Terms and conditions

正解：B

解説：
For straight re-buy, the specifications for the products are known. Generally, there will be an existing contract with supplier in place. The business need is challenged annually, only on the annual demand. So effective inventory control will help procurement successfully manage straight re-buy.

質問 # 28
ABC Ltd has recently set up a stationery contract with a large stationery provider, obtaining fixed prices on core stationery items. The brochures have been distributed within ABC Ltd and one of the key users wants to order a corner desk and office chair from the brochure. Is this within scope?