[2023年07月31日] 365日更新、有効なL4M2知能問題集
ベスト品質のL4M2試験問題集でCIPSテスト高得点を目指そう
Defining Business Needsモジュールは、調達および供給のレベル4ディプロマの重要な構成要素です。このモジュールは、ビジネスニーズを効果的に特定および分析するために必要なスキルと知識をプロフェッショナルに提供します。このモジュールは、自組織内で調達および供給チェーン活動に責任を持つプロフェッショナルや、調達および供給チェーン管理のキャリアを追求したいと考えている人々に関連しています。
CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）認定試験は、異なる組織設定でビジネスニーズを効果的に定義するために必要な知識、スキル、能力を持つ専門家を装備するために設計された包括的な認定プログラムです。認定試験は、ビジネス分析で使用されるツール、技術、および方法論を深く理解し、ビジネスニーズを特定、分析、定義するために使用されるものに焦点を当てています。
質問 # 79
When should procurement professional tolerate a risk?
- A. When the risk breaks the relationship with the strategic supplier
- B. When the risk imposes an existential threat
- C. When the risk causes some trivial annoyance
- D. When the risk may disrupt the production
正解：C
解説：
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. Our preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T's Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business (such as some trivial annoyance). Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred.
Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 80
Which of the following are typically reasons why an organisation implements value analysis? Select TWO that apply:
- A. To decide whether there will be sufficient surplus funds to reinvest in the business
- B. To determine the value of each component used
- C. To provide an outline business case for the specification
- D. To shape and manage supply market
- E. To find cost reduction opportunities by optimising the components used
正解：B
解説：
Value analysis is a systematic review of the production, purchasing and product design processes to reduce overall product costs. This can be accomplished through a variety of activities, including the following:
- Designing products to use lower-tolerance parts that are less expensive
- Switching to lower-cost components
- Standardizing parts across product platforms in order to achieve volume discounts
- Altering production processes to minimize the amount of production cycle time, thereby reducing labor costs
- Introducing automation to strip labor costs out of the production process
- Altering product packaging to lower its cost while still protecting the product The process is not a wholesale attack on costs. Costs are only reduced when the result will not im-pact the perceived level of quality experienced by customers, or the level of customer satisfaction.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 81
Dana is an automobile manufacturer. It has a new electrification strategy that aims at making eco-friendly electric pick-up trucks. To implement this strategy, the procurement department must source new categories of parts that make motors, sensors, solenoids and stators. He starts to analyse the market by identifying specific supply market segments for those parts and finding suppliers who have the best capabilities in those segment. He intends to segment the market based on specific features of the products. Which variable is used by Dana procurement manager to shape and manage supply market?
- A. Product segments
- B. Channel segments
- C. Geographical segments
- D. Buyer segments
正解：A
解説：
In sales and marketing, market segmentation is the process of trying to understand clusters of cus-tomers in terms of their buying behavior and their buying characteristics. There are some traditional segmentation approaches: geography, demography, types of industry and the benefits. Then there are newer segmentation approaches: behavioral, situational, and psychographic.
Procurement professionals can learn market segmentation from sales and marketing. Segmenting the market can help them to shape and manage the supply market effectively. According to Michael Porter, a market can be segment with array of products and buyers.
Source: Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 234). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
In the scenario, the products that Dana needs to source is distinct in their features. The best way is to segment the market by product varieties.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 82
In Kano model, which of the following types of requirement should be excluded from the product or service?
- A. Must-be requirements
- B. Reverse requirements
- C. Performance requirements
- D. Attractive requirements
正解：B
解説：
Kano model of excitement and basic quality (Kano et al, 1984; Berger et al, 1993; Matzler et al, 1996) brings a different perspective for the analysis of improvement opportunities in products and services because it takes in consideration the asymmetrical and non-linear relationship between performance and satisfaction. The Kano model classifies customers requirements in three categories (figure 3):
a) Basic Requirements (or Must-be requirement). The basic requirements fulfill the basic func-tions of a product. If they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will be extremely dissatisfied. On the other hand, if they are present or have sufficient performance, they don't bring satisfaction. Customers see them as prerequisites. For instance, for luxury automobiles, "air bags" are considered basic. A customer won't feel satisfied if the automobile has "air bag", however he/she will not buy it if "air bag" is not present.
b) Performance Requirements (or One-dimensional requirements). As for these requirements, satisfaction is proportional to the performance level - the higher the performance, the higher the customer's satisfaction will be and vice-versa. Gas consumption in automobiles is an example of these requirements. Usually customers explicitly demand performance requirements.
c) Excitement Requirements (or Attractive requirements). These requirements are key to cus-tomer satisfaction. If they are present or have sufficient performance, they will bring superior satisfaction. On the other hand, if they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will not get dissatisfied. For instance, a surprise gift at the end of a dinner in a restaurant will certainly bring satisfaction, but it will not cause dissatisfaction if not offered. These requirements are not demanded nor expected by customers.
Two other types of requirements may be identified in the Kano model: neutral and reverse ones. Neutral requirements do not bring either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Reverse require-ments bring more satisfaction if absent than if present.
Reference:
- Integrating Kano model and QFD for Designing New Products
- CIPS study guide page 171-172
質問 # 83
To improve the productivity, Plantation Ltd is planning to purchase a tractor, which it has never bought before. The project must be quick to catch up with the next growing season. Leanne, a jun-ior procurement staff at the company, assumes that she could skip market analysis stage to save time. Is this assumption reasonable?
- A. No, market analysis will inform the company of the pricing as well as latest technology trends
- B. No, the company assesses supplier's performance solely based on market analysis
- C. Yes, Leanne just needs to purchase the tractor from her friend's company
- D. Yes, the company has extensive experience in purchasing tractor
正解：A
解説：
Market analysis is a stage in CIPS Procurement and Supply Cycle. This stage informs the purchaser about the number of suppliers, the average pricing, and product trends. Even urgent purchase should undergo market analysis. Without undertaking this stage, the buying organisation may not purchase the right product, or they may purchase at higher price.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 84
Sabic is a petrochemical manufacturer. It wants to digitalise its operation and is looking for new IT system. The procurement manager approaches this matter with a through-life specification. He supposes that stating "good quality" in the specification will be enough for quality standard section. Is the procurement manager's thought appropriate?
- A. No, because "good quality" is very ambiguous for suppliers to identify Sabic's re-quirement
- B. No, because "good quality" is an in-house jargon that suppliers are not familiar with
- C. Yes, because IT sector has its own standard of quality, therefore, suppliers may deliver good quality without any further Explanation:
- D. Yes, because the specification should be concise.
正解：A
解説：
Specifications for through-life contracts must be clear. They should use precise technical language and avoid any ambiguity as much as possible. In most cases, 'good quality' is ambiguous. The con-tractor doesn't know exactly which product the buying organisation needs and how to supply that product.
Other notices for description of requirement are:
- Short and simply description
- Clear definitions at the beginning of the documents
- Clarify abbreviations (if any), but abbreviations should be avoided as much as possible
- Avoid any 'slang'
- Use imperative forms of language whenever possible.
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 85
Which of the following specific markets engage in creation, liquidation and change of ownership of stock?
- A. Construction
- B. Financial
- C. Retail
- D. Agriculture
- E. Manufacturing
正解：B
解説：
According to Investopedia, the financial services sector provides financial services to people and corporations. This segment of the economy is made up of a variety of financial firms includ-ing banks, investment houses, lenders, finance companies, real estate brokers, and insurance com-panies. As noted above, the financial services industry is probably the most important sector of the economy, leading the world in terms of earnings and equity market capitalization. Large conglomerates dominate this sector, but it also includes a diverse range of smaller companies.
According to the finance and development department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), financial services are the processes by which consumers or businesses acquire financial goods. For example, a payment system provider offers a financial service when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients. This includes accounts settled through credit and debit cards, checks, and electronic funds transfers.
Companies in the financial services industry manage money. For instance, a financial advi-sor manages assets and offers advice on behalf of a client. The advisor does not directly provide investments or any other product, rather, they facilitate the movement of funds between savers and the issuers of securities and other instruments. This service is a temporary task rather than a tangible asset.
Financial goods, on the other hand, are not tasks. They are things. A mortgage loan may seem like a service, but it's actually a product that lasts beyond the initial provision. Stocks, bonds, loans, commodity assets, real estate, and insurance policies are examples of financial goods.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 86
Royal Navy is preparing a through-life contract. They put to the contract a term on rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods. Which part of through-life requirement does this term belong to?
- A. Manufacture
- B. Customer support
- C. In-service support
- D. Installation
正解：C
解説：
There are 6 main components of the through-life requirements of an asset: Design, Manufacture, Installation, In-service support, Decommission and disposal and Customer support.
Rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods are maintenance activities which belong to in-service support. You may have chosen Customer support. However, in through-life asset management context, customer support does not include maintenance services. Instead, it is the services that go along the stages of asset life. It may include consulting, communication and information exchange.
Source: Andrew Graves
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 87
Which type of specification is less time-consuming to develop?
- A. Design specification
- B. Technical drawings
- C. Conformance specification
- D. Outcome-based specification
正解：D
解説：
There are two major types of specification: conformance and performance specifications. They have the following characteristics:
Since performance specification is often a list of outputs or outcomes, it usually takes less time to develop than conformance specification.
質問 # 88
Which of the following are typical benefits of through-life asset management to buying organisa-tion? Select the TWO that apply.
- A. Better capability of supplier over time
- B. Lower total cost of ownership
- C. Lower risks as there are many suppliers accountable for costs and service over the life of the asset
- D. Greater supplier's bargaining power
- E. Shorter specifications
正解：A、B
解説：
According to Andrew Graves, "Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer." Benefits of through-life asset management can be:
- Lower total life-cycle costs
- Better match between the asset and end-user's needs
- Better supplier capabilities over time because it gains experience of buying organisation's needs.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 89
Lider Ltd is a leading bathroom furniture manufacturer in Indi
a. The company has more than 30 years experience in the market with extended knowledge of engineering and customers' taste. Lider is planning to launch a new type of bath fitting next year which offers Bluetooth connectivity and thermostat display. The company gathers a team of multi-disciplines, including engineering, procurement, sales and marketing. At the first team meeting, the project leader tells the team to discuss which functions will be valued by the customers, and how to deliver those functions with the lowest costs possible. Which of the following describes the process that the project team is undertaking?
- A. Value engineering
- B. Just in time
- C. Standardisation
- D. Cost analysis
正解：A
解説：
From the scenario, you can see that the project team is developing a new product. They start with analysing the functions, and the costs of delivering those functions. This is a typical process of value engineering. You may read more on value engineering from the reference paper.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 171-173
- Value Analysis - Norwood Whittle (cimaglobal.com)
- A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE ENGI-NEERING (researchgate.net) LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 90
Interserve is a construction contractor in UK. When receiving a huge and complex project, Inter-serve's procurement manager assesses the risks by quantifying them and recommends other stake-holders to plan mitigating actions. Is the procurement manager's action justified?
- A. No, because embedding the risk into pricing will decrease the company's competitiveness
- B. Yes, because procurement manager needs to assess the risks to prioritise and mitigate any potential risks
- C. No, because no risks can be quantified, therefore the procurement manager's action is impossible.
- D. Yes, because all the risks should be quantified and eliminated completely before they happen
正解：B
解説：
Assessing the risks by quantifying them should be done. Even with qualitative risk assessment, quantifying is still important since risks need to be prioritised.
Risk assessment can be qualitative or quantitative. Perform qualitative and perform quantitative risk analysis are two processes within the project risk management knowledge area, in the planning process group. While qualitative risk analysis should generally be performed on all risks, for all projects, quantitative risk analysis has a more limited use, based on the type of project, the project risks, and the availability of data to use to conduct the quantitative analysis.
Qualitative Risk Analysis
A qualitative risk analysis prioritises the identified project risks using a pre-defined rating scale. Risks will be scored based on their probability or likelihood of occurring and the impact on project objectives should they occur.
Probability/likelihood is commonly ranked on a zero to one scale (for example, .3 equating to a 30% probability of the risk event occurring).
The impact scale is organizationally defined (for example, a one to five scale, with five being the highest impact on project objectives - such as budget, schedule, or quality).
A qualitative risk analysis will also include the appropriate categorization of the risks, either source-based or effect-based.
Quantitative Risk Analysis
A quantitative risk analysis is a further analysis of the highest priority risks during a which a numerical or quantitative rating is assigned in order to develop a probabilistic analysis of the project.
A quantitative analysis:
- Quantifies the possible outcomes for the project and assesses the probability of achieving specific project objectives
- Provides a quantitative approach to making decisions when there is uncertainty
- Creates realistic and achievable cost, schedule or scope targets
In order to conduct a quantitative risk analysis, you will need high-quality data, a well-developed project model, and a prioritized lists of project risks (usually from performing a qualitative risk analysis).
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 91
Department for Transport (DfT) needs to buy new locomotives to expand the capacity of trains fleet. In 2009, they were criticized for beginning the procurement "without any clear idea of how many trains would be needed, which routes they would run on and what form of power would be required". What should procurement manager of DfT do first to manage risk in making the specification?
- A. Monitor the potential risks
- B. Implement mitigating actions
- C. Identify the possible risks
- D. Assess the potential risks
正解：C
解説：
There are 4 steps to risk managing process:
Step 1: Identify hazards
Step 2: Assess the risk
Once a risk has been identified, a risk assessment should be conducted.
You should carry out a risk assessment for any manual tasks identified as being hazardous, unless the risk is well known and you know how to control it. A risk assessment can help you determine, which postures, movements and forces of the task pose a risk, where during the task they pose a risk, why they are occurring and what needs to be fixed.
Step 3: Control the risk
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest, which is known as the hierarchy of control. You must always aim to eliminate the hazard, which is the most effective control.
Step 4: Review risk control
Control measures that have been implemented must be reviewed, and, if necessary, revised to make sure they work as planned and to maintain a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.
Source: WorkCover Queensland
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 92
At which stage of product life cycle, price competition between sellers will be the most intense?
- A. Introductory stage
- B. Growth stage
- C. Decline stage
- D. Maturity stage
正解：C
解説：
The term product life cycle refers to the length of time a product is introduced to consumers into the market until it's removed from the shelves. The life cycle of a product is broken into four stages-introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
Source: https://blueoceanoutsource.co.ke/the-product-life-cycle-concept/ At maturity stage, price competition sets in as more and more supply capacity has been added by new entrants, then the competition will be the most intense.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2
質問 # 93
Which of the following may allow suppliers free to choose the materials, manufacturing process or delivery process?
- A. Design specification
- B. Technical specifications
- C. Conformance specification
- D. Performance specification
正解：D
解説：
The Performance Specifications define what the system being designed must do, and not how it must do it. In this step a list of needs and wants should be created. The needs are customer requirements, while the wants are engineering desires. If a buyer adopts performance specification, the supplier will be free to choose how to make and deliver the product.
A technical specification document outlines how you're going to address a technical problem by designing and building a solution for it.
A design specification is a detailed document providing a list of points regarding a product or pro-cess. For example, the design specification could include required dimensions, environmental fac-tors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, maintenance that will be needed, etc. It may also give specific examples of how the design should be executed, helping others work properly (a guideline for what the person should do).
With conformance specification the buyer says what they want and how they want it and the supplier has to meet this Reference:
LO3, AC 3.1
質問 # 94
Honda of America Manufacturing is a well established automobile manufacturer. It purchases tens of thousands of materials and parts from suppliers, however, only few of them are strategic. To these suppliers, Honda's procurement manager requires them to send details of labour, materials, overhead cost and profit. However, the suppliers are reluctant to submit such confidential infor-mation. Is the procurement manager's action appropriate?
- A. Yes, because strategies can be introduced for reducing cost and improving the supplier relationships.
- B. No, because procurement manager should conduct life-cycle analysis
- C. No, because no suppliers are willing to show sensitive information on their costs and profit.
- D. Yes, because the procurement manager can get a good insight from the market
正解：A
解説：
With strategic suppliers, the aim should be to work co-operatively with them to find ways of reducing costs to achieve a target cost. It is necessary to work with the suppliers in carrying out open book costing by having first persuaded them of the need to do it. Open book can be used to establish a Target Cost, a Compensation Event value and can eventually be used to ensure the payment of actual costs to an organization. A number of forms of contract cater for this functionality of which only the NEC goes to into any great depth of methodology.
If the suppliers worry about leak of confidential information, procurement team can suggest them to sign a non-disclosure agreement. The buying organisation should also comply with data protection regulations. The Employer / individual responsible for a project's costs should ultimately take a pragmatic and sensible approach with regard to commercially or personally sensitive data provided by the contractor. The primary goal of all open book cost management is to provide Employer comfort and security in the accuracy of commercial data; this effectively means striking a balance between undertaking full audits and blind faith.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 95
Which of the following statements is the best definition of 'value engineering?
- A. Producing good value products right first time.
- B. Building value into a new product from design stage onwards
- C. Analysing perceived value after the product is available for sale
- D. Value achieved by an engineering department
正解：B
解説：
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 96
Bob is a new procurement specialist at XYZ Ltd. He is assigned to categorise the company's sup-plies. After analysing, Bob realises that a group of low value products is sourced from a tiny geo-graphical area which is prone to flooding. What would be the best strategy to manage this category of products?
- A. Source this group of products from only one supplier
- B. Form partnership relationship with the current supplier
- C. Assign some of procurement jobs to user department
- D. Find an alternative source to secure supply
正解：D
解説：
In the scenario, the products have low value and high risk of supply. This group is known as bottleneck or critical in Kraljic's portfolio matrix. The objective for such items would be securing the supply. The company can achieve this goal by 'making' the products themselves, or finding an alternative option.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 97
Which of the following always impact negatively on a company's cash flow? Select TWO that ap-ply
- A. Customers agree to pay immediately
- B. More inventory
- C. Supplier shortens their payment period
- D. Increasing revenue
- E. Depreciation of fixed asset
正解：B、C
解説：
To answer this question, candidates are required to remember the cash flow cycle and cost entries as well as the impact of their timing on a business.
Source: https://cfoperspective.com/free-your-cash-trapped-in-the-cash-conversion-cycle/ Shorter payment term and more inventory are likely to have negative impact on the cash flow be-cause the buyer has to pay sooner and greater.
"Customers agree to pay immediately" will increase the organisation's bank account sooner.
Depreciation has no impact on cash flow as it is only listed in Profit and Loss statement.
Increasing revenue may have negative or positive impact on cash flow, depending on the real situation.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.4
質問 # 98
When procuring a machinery, at which stage buyer must check whether it is working to the stand-ards set out in the design specification?
- A. Manufacture
- B. Maintenance and repair activities
- C. Customer support
- D. Installation
正解：D
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Source: Andrew Graves
The installation stage occurs in In-Service Operations. At this stage, the machinery is shipped and installed on the buyer's premises and check to ensure that it is working to the standards set out in the design specification.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 99
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検証された材料は決まってこれ！L4M2：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fsPYOTks8aDtTpYuD2r4tr8B7TPe3d6u