[2025年更新]合格できるCIPS L4M2試験最新239問題
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CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）認定試験は、異なる組織設定でビジネスニーズを効果的に定義するために必要な知識、スキル、能力を持つ専門家を装備するために設計された包括的な認定プログラムです。認定試験は、ビジネス分析で使用されるツール、技術、および方法論を深く理解し、ビジネスニーズを特定、分析、定義するために使用されるものに焦点を当てています。
ビジネスニーズの定義としても知られるChartered Institute of Procurement and Supply（CIPS）L4M2試験は、調達プロセスの重要なステップです。この試験では、ビジネス要件を理解し、調達戦略に合わせて調整することの重要性に焦点を当てています。また、調達の専門家が、利害関係者分析の実施、ビジネスプロセスマッピング、SWOT分析など、ビジネスニーズを特定するために使用できるさまざまな手法をカバーしています。
質問 # 134
Which of the following is a risk to buying organization when using conformance specification?
- A. Buyer cannot control the inputs
- B. Time to produce specification is shortened
- C. Buyer may face liquidity risks
- D. Buyer is responsible for product failure
正解：D
解説：
When using conformance specification, the buying organisation is responsible for the performance of the purchase. If the product fails due to poorly designed specification, the buyer is wholly responsible for it. It cannot blame the supplier for the failure because they still provided 'fit for purpose' product.
'Time to produce specification is shortened': Conformance specification requires details on dimen-sion, materials, design, etc. With such requirements, time to produce a complete conformance specification is often longer than producing performance specification.
'Buyer cannot control the inputs': Conformance specification is a list of inputs from buyer, so buyer has control over the inputs that will make the product. It also means that buyer is responsible for any product failure.
'Buyer may face liquidity risks': Liquidity means that how quick a business turns its assets into cash. This is a financial term, it does not link directly with specification failure.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 135
A company is building a new two-storey office block and will need to purchase new desks and chairs. There will not be much space available. What should be included in the specification for these desks and chairs?
- A. Key performance indicators
- B. A brand name
- C. Technical drawings
- D. A list of inputs
正解：A
質問 # 136
Daytona Ltd is developing a new product which is more environmental friendly. Though the objectives are set, the project team has no idea on which functions will be customers' favourites. Which of the following will help them decide the 'should-have' functions of the new product?
- A. Thomas-Kilmann model
- B. Kano model
- C. Six Sigma
- D. Taguchi method
正解：B
解説：
The Kano model is useful in gaining a thorough understanding of a customer's needs. You can translate and transform the resulting verbatims using the voice of the customer table that, subse-quently, becomes an excellent input as the whatsin a quality function deployment (QFD) House of Quality.
The model involves two dimensions:
Achievement (the horizontal axis), which goes from the supplier didn't do it at all to the supplier did it very well.
Satisfaction (the vertical axis), which goes from total dissatisfaction with the product or service to total satisfaction with the product or service.
Dr. Noriaki Kano isolated and identified three levels of customer expectations: that is, what it takes to positively impact customer satisfaction. The figure below portrays the three levels of need: expected, normal, and exciting.
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is a conflict style inventory, which is a tool developed to measure an individual's response to conflict situations.
Genichi Taguchi, a Japanese engineer, proposed several approaches to experimental designs that are sometimes called "Taguchi Methods." These methods utilize two-, three-, and mixed-level fractional factorial designs. Large screening designs seem to be particularly favored by Taguchi adherents.
Six Sigma is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their business processes. This increase in performance and decrease in process variation helps lead to defect re-duction and improvement in profits, employee morale, and quality of products or services.
Source:
- CIPS study guide page 171-172
- WHAT IS THE KANO MODEL?
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 137
Which of the following may allow suppliers free to choose the materials, manufacturing process or delivery process?
- A. Design specification
- B. Technical specifications
- C. Conformance specification
- D. Performance specification
正解：D
解説：
The Performance Specifications define what the system being designed must do, and not how it must do it. In this step a list of needs and wants should be created. The needs are customer requirements, while the wants are engineering desires. If a buyer adopts performance specification, the supplier will be free to choose how to make and deliver the product.
A technical specification document outlines how you're going to address a technical problem by designing and building a solution for it.
A design specification is a detailed document providing a list of points regarding a product or pro-cess. For example, the design specification could include required dimensions, environmental fac-tors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, maintenance that will be needed, etc. It may also give specific examples of how the design should be executed, helping others work properly (a guideline for what the person should do).
With conformance specification the buyer says what they want and how they want it and the supplier has to meet this
質問 # 138
British Steel needs to source a set of instruments that will improve quality of steel. Without these instruments British Steel will loss control of the temperature. The bucket may freeze up, or if it is too hot it leaks out of the casting process, damaging the machine. There is limited supply on the market and quality varies greatly.
Which of the following will be the most appropriate managing approach to procure these items?
- A. Form partnership with supplier
- B. Seek continuity of supply
- C. Bundle these instruments into larger contract
- D. Leverage market competition to drive down cost
正解：A
解説：
The instrument plays a crucial role in steel manufacturing because it presents in the majority of products, in which case lacking this instrument would have significant impact on the organisation's output (production lines stop or damaging other machine). Otherwise, the risk of supply is high because there is limitation in supply. Therefore, it is considered as a strategic item in term of Kraljic's portfolio matrix. Procurement manager should form partnership with suppliers to maximise the value.
The following graph illustrates Kraljic's portfolio matrix:
質問 # 139
Aldar Properties is a property developer in UAE. In last month, it spent $2,160 for 10 tons of steel. In this month, it had planned 10% increment in budget for steel comparing to last month. But the number of orders boosted and total spend on steel reached $1,992.1 while Aldar has imported 11 tons. What is the main cost driver of steel budget?
- A. Price variance
- B. Inflation
- C. Both price and quantity variances
- D. Quantity variance
正解：A
解説：
In this question, you have to calculate price variance and quantity variance.
Last month, 1 tonne of steel costed $216. This month, the price decreases to $181.1. Price variance = (P1 - P2)*Q2 = ($216-$181.1)*11 = $383.9 Quantity variance = (Q1-Q2)*P1 = -$216 Price variance is greater than quantity variance, therefore, price variance is the main cost driver.
LO 1, AC 1.4
質問 # 140
Which of the following is an advantage of competitive benchmarking over other types of bench-marking?
- A. Similarity among processes
- B. Limited access to competitor's data
- C. Different corporate culture
- D. Cost effectiveness
正解：A
解説：
Competitive benchmarking
Competitive benchmarking is a direct competitor-to-competitor comparison of a product, service, process, or method. This form of benchmarking provides an opportunity to know yourself and your competition better; combine forces against another common competitor. An example of competitive benchmarking within the Department of Defense, might include contrasting Army and Air Force supply systems for Joint initiatives.
Within the private sector, two or more American car companies might benchmark for mutual benefit against common international competitor; or, rival chemical companies benchmark for environmental compliance.
Benefits
- Comparing like processes
- Know your competition better
- Possible partnership
- Useful for planning and setting goals
- Similar regulatory issues
Challenges
- Difficult legal issues
- Relatively low performance improvement
- Threatening
- Limited by trade secrets
- May provide misleading information
- May not get best-in-class comparisons
- Competitors could capitalize on your weaknesses
Source: USN Benchmarking Handbook
質問 # 141
What criteria can be applied in the production of a business case?
- A. Costs, benefits, and options
- B. Questions, price, and evaluation
- C. Suggestions, feedback, and forecast
- D. Plans, delivery, and design
正解：A
解説：
Detailed Explanation:A strong business case includes a clear assessment of costs, the expected benefits, and the viable options available. These criteria ensure a structured approach to decision-making and alignment with strategic goals. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Business Case Development.
質問 # 142
Which of the following is an useful tool for value engineering?
- A. Kano model
- B. Kraljic Portfolio Matrix
- C. Star-burst method
- D. SAMOA
正解：A
解説：
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis.
This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering
Example of Kano model (source: Wikipedia)
質問 # 143
A procurement manager has noticed that profitability within a market has increased steadily over the years. In addition, the market is relatively easy to enter, and demand within the market is predicted to remain high.
Which of the following is likely to happen in this particular market as a direct consequence of these factors?
- A. Suppliers will invest more heavily in technology
- B. Buyers will switch to a different market
- C. The market will attract new entrants
- D. The regulator will intervene and establish pricing controls
正解：C
質問 # 144
It could be argued that wherever possible, specifications should be more output and outcome focused. Why is this?
- A. So that they can be amended easily after contract award
- B. So that a specific branded product is provided
- C. To allow as many suppliers as possible to respond
- D. To reduce the number of options available
正解：C
質問 # 145
A "modified re-buy" means ...
- A. The existing specifications should be reviewed but not the supply market, as this type of purchase is complex
- B. The specification should not be considered for future treatment as a stock item because of the modification
- C. Both the specification and the market should be reviewed to manage the new circumstances
- D. The existing supplier should be asked to supply the requirement because it is a modified re-buy of the same item
正解：C
質問 # 146
When procuring an IT equipment, at which stage the buyer's expectations are translated into a technical specification?
- A. Installation
- B. In-service support
- C. Design
- D. Customer support
正解：C
解説：
IT equipment is typically linked with through-life contracts. This type of contract not only deal with the specification and the price of a machinery, but also other stages such as design, manufacture, installation, in-service support, decommission and disposal. Among these stages, the design stage is when buyer's requirements are translated into technically correct specification.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 147
Which of the following are typical benefits of through-life asset management to buying organisa-tion? Select the TWO that apply.
- A. Better capability of supplier over time
- B. Shorter specifications
- C. Lower risks as there are many suppliers accountable for costs and service over the life of the asset
- D. Greater supplier's bargaining power
- E. Lower total cost of ownership
正解：A、E
解説：
According to Andrew Graves, "Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer." Benefits of through-life asset management can be:
- Lower total life-cycle costs
- Better match between the asset and end-user's needs
- Better supplier capabilities over time because it gains experience of buying organisation's needs.
質問 # 148
Department for Transport (DfT) needs to buy new locomotives to expand the capacity of trains fleet. In 2009, they were criticized for beginning the procurement "without any clear idea of how many trains would be needed, which routes they would run on and what form of power would be required". What should procurement manager of DfT do first to manage risk in making the specification?
- A. Identify the possible risks
- B. Assess the potential risks
- C. Monitor the potential risks
- D. Implement mitigating actions
正解：A
解説：
There are 4 steps to risk managing process:
Step 1: Identify hazards
Step 2: Assess the risk
Once a risk has been identified, a risk assessment should be conducted.
You should carry out a risk assessment for any manual tasks identified as being hazardous, unless the risk is well known and you know how to control it. A risk assessment can help you determine, which postures, movements and forces of the task pose a risk, where during the task they pose a risk, why they are occurring and what needs to be fixed.
Step 3: Control the risk
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest, which is known as the hierarchy of control. You must always aim to eliminate the hazard, which is the most effective control.
Step 4: Review risk control
Control measures that have been implemented must be reviewed, and, if necessary, revised to make sure they work as planned and to maintain a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.
Source: WorkCover Queensland
質問 # 149
A buyer is undertaking an analysis of the market. This analysis has focused on the relative power of the main buyers in the market. It has also focused on the changes in capacity available amongst the key suppliers in this market. Which of the following describes this analysis?
- A. Regulatory analysis
- B. Demand and supply analysis
- C. Industrial analysis
- D. Consumer analysis
正解：B
質問 # 150
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CIPS L4M2認定試験は、ビジネスアナリストがキャリアを進め、この分野での専門知識を実証する絶好の機会です。これは、候補者が幅広いビジネスニーズ分析の概念、テクニック、およびツールを深く理解することを示すことを要求する厳格で挑戦的な試験です。ただし、試験に合格した人は、競争の激しい雇用市場で際立って、キャリアを次のレベルに進めるのに役立つ貴重な資格情報を持っています。
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