[2023年12月31日]L4M2テスト準備できるトレーニング練習テスト試験問題
試験問題解答ブレーン問題集でL4M2試験問題集PDFを使おう
CIPS L4M2試験は、調達戦略の開発、市場分析、ステークホルダー管理、リスク管理、契約管理など、幅広いトピックを扱います。これは、候補者が調達プロセスに深い理解を持ち、この知識を実世界のシナリオに適用できる能力を持っていることを要求する包括的な試験です。この試験に合格することは、候補者が組織のビジネスニーズに合わせた効果的な調達戦略を開発するために必要な知識とスキルを持っていることを示します。
CIPS L4M2試験は、キャリアの見通しを強化し、収益の可能性を高めることを目指している専門家向けを目的とした高度なレベルの認定です。資格は業界全体で非常に尊敬されており、雇用主によって調達とサプライチェーン管理の卓越性の印として認識されています。この試験は、調達専門家の成功に不可欠な批判的思考、問題解決、効果的なコミュニケーションなど、さまざまなスキルを開発するように設計されています。
質問 # 12
In Kano model, which of the following types of requirement should be excluded from the product or service?
- A. Reverse requirements
- B. Performance requirements
- C. Attractive requirements
- D. Must-be requirements
正解：A
解説：
Kano model of excitement and basic quality (Kano et al, 1984; Berger et al, 1993; Matzler et al, 1996) brings a different perspective for the analysis of improvement opportunities in products and services because it takes in consideration the asymmetrical and non-linear relationship between performance and satisfaction. The Kano model classifies customers requirements in three categories (figure 3):
a) Basic Requirements (or Must-be requirement). The basic requirements fulfill the basic func-tions of a product. If they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will be extremely dissatisfied. On the other hand, if they are present or have sufficient performance, they don't bring satisfaction. Customers see them as prerequisites. For instance, for luxury automobiles, "air bags" are considered basic. A customer won't feel satisfied if the automobile has "air bag", however he/she will not buy it if "air bag" is not present.
b) Performance Requirements (or One-dimensional requirements). As for these requirements, satisfaction is proportional to the performance level - the higher the performance, the higher the customer's satisfaction will be and vice-versa. Gas consumption in automobiles is an example of these requirements. Usually customers explicitly demand performance requirements.
c) Excitement Requirements (or Attractive requirements). These requirements are key to cus-tomer satisfaction. If they are present or have sufficient performance, they will bring superior satisfaction. On the other hand, if they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will not get dissatisfied. For instance, a surprise gift at the end of a dinner in a restaurant will certainly bring satisfaction, but it will not cause dissatisfaction if not offered. These requirements are not demanded nor expected by customers.
Two other types of requirements may be identified in the Kano model: neutral and reverse ones. Neutral requirements do not bring either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Reverse require-ments bring more satisfaction if absent than if present.
Reference:
- Integrating Kano model and QFD for Designing New Products
- CIPS study guide page 171-172
質問 # 13
Department for Transport (DfT) needs to buy new locomotives to expand the capacity of trains fleet. In 2009, they were criticized for beginning the procurement "without any clear idea of how many trains would be needed, which routes they would run on and what form of power would be required". What should procurement manager of DfT do first to manage risk in making the specification?
- A. Implement mitigating actions
- B. Identify the possible risks
- C. Assess the potential risks
- D. Monitor the potential risks
正解：B
解説：
There are 4 steps to risk managing process:
Step 1: Identify hazards
Step 2: Assess the risk
Once a risk has been identified, a risk assessment should be conducted.
You should carry out a risk assessment for any manual tasks identified as being hazardous, unless the risk is well known and you know how to control it. A risk assessment can help you determine, which postures, movements and forces of the task pose a risk, where during the task they pose a risk, why they are occurring and what needs to be fixed.
Step 3: Control the risk
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest, which is known as the hierarchy of control. You must always aim to eliminate the hazard, which is the most effective control.
Step 4: Review risk control
Control measures that have been implemented must be reviewed, and, if necessary, revised to make sure they work as planned and to maintain a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.
Source: WorkCover Queensland
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 14
A procurement manager consolidates the company expense on printing and office supplies into broader range of spend category. Other senior managers are concerned that it may increase company's spend. Is that concern justified?
- A. Yes, because the suppliers can't provide a broader range of products and they will fail to deliver
- B. Yes, because the consolidation may create a large contract that costs more than placing each purchase order
- C. No, because the consolidation will help the supplier to shorten deliver time.
- D. No, because the broader range of spend category can increase the value of the contract and the buyer may get volume discount
正解：D
解説：
Printing and office supplies are often considered as low risk, low value items. Consolidation low value, low risk items into a broader range will dramatically increases the value of the contract and leverage of buying organisation in the negotiation.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 15
Why should procurement professionals develop business case before seeking approval to purchase capital equipment?
- A. Devising business case may prompt the procurement to consider different options
- B. Using business case will prevent new entrants from entering the supply market
- C. Business case is a tool that eliminates all risks associated with the project
- D. A business case can be used as a replacement of purchase order
正解：A
解説：
A business case is developed during the early stages of a project and outlines the why, what, how, and who necessary to decide if it is worthwhile continuing a project. One of the first things you need to know when starting a new project are the benefits of the proposed business change and how to communicate those benefits to the business.
Preparing the business case involves an assessment of:
- Business problem or opportunity
- Benefits
- Risk
- Costs including investment appraisal
- Technical solutions
- Timescale
- Impact on operations
- Organizational capability to deliver the project outcomes
These project issues are an important part of the business case. They express the problems with the current situation and demonstrate the benefits of the new business vision. Making business case with multiple options and choices also prompts the procurement and senior management to consider alternatives. As a result, the organisation may opt out the best option.
The business case brings together the benefits, disadvantages, costs, and risks of the current situa-tion and future vision so that executive management can decide if the project should go ahead.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 19-21
- How to Write a Business Case - Template & Examples | Adobe Workfront
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 16
Royal Navy is preparing a through-life contract. They put to the contract a term on rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods. Which part of through-life requirement does this term belong to?
- A. Manufacture
- B. In-service support
- C. Installation
- D. Customer support
正解：B
解説：
There are 6 main components of the through-life requirements of an asset: Design, Manufacture, Installation, In-service support, Decommission and disposal and Customer support.
Rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods are maintenance activities which belong to in-service support. You may have chosen Customer support. However, in through-life asset management context, customer support does not include maintenance services. Instead, it is the services that go along the stages of asset life. It may include consulting, communication and information exchange.
Source: Andrew Graves
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 17
Which of the following are the causes of material cost variance?
1. The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery
2. An unprocessed goods received note is missing
3. The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers' orders
4. The purchase is made in emergency
- A. 1 and 3 only
- B. 2 and 3 only
- C. 2 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
正解：C
解説：
The difference between the standard cost of direct materials specified for production and the actual cost of direct materials used in production is known as Direct Material Cost Variance. Material Cost Variance gives an idea of how much more or less cost has been incurred when compared with the standard cost. Thus, Variance Analysis is an important tool to keep a tab on the deviations from the standard set by a company.
Material Cost Variance can be due to less purchase price being paid than the standard or because of change in the quantity of material used. Thus, Material Cost Variance is made up of two components namely; Material Price Variance and Material Usage Variance.
Among the 4 options:
- 'The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery': The use of e-procurement system can increase the productivity and create labour cost variance, not material cost variance.
- 'An unprocessed goods received note is missing': If a goods received note is missing, the buyer won't pay for that batch, which create quantity variance.
- 'The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers' orders': Overtime salary can cause labour variance, not material cost variance.
- 'The purchase is made in emergency': Normally, the price in emergency situation is higher than usual. This can cause price variance.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 57-59
- Material Variance | Cost, Price, Usage Variance Formula, Example - eFM (efinancemanage-ment.com) LO 1, AC 1.4
質問 # 18
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier. Is this a correct approach?
- A. Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- B. No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
- C. No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D. Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
正解：A
解説：
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer. According to CIPS study guide, through-life management comprises of 6 parts:
1. Design
2. Manufacture
3. Installation
4. In-service support
5. Decommission and disposal
6. Customer support
In this scenario, the company is planning to procure a ship, which is a capital asset. Through life management is a good approach. Sealines can start with developing through-life specification. This approach may have several benefits:
- It lowers the costs over the whole life of the asset
- It lowers the risks as there is a single company accountable for costs and service over the life of the asset
- A closer match between the asset delivered and the users' needs
- Development of capability over the life of the asset as the supplier continues to get experience of the users' needs and can adapt services to meet them.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 130-131;
- Through-life management: The provision of total customer solutions in the aerospace industry, by Yvonne Ward and Andrew Graves LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 19
Which of the following is the process for improving the value of a new product or service?
- A. Value analysis
- B. Value engineering
- C. Planning and design
- D. Porter's Five Forces
正解：B
解説：
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 20
When procuring a machinery, at which stage buyer must check whether it is working to the stand-ards set out in the design specification?
- A. Manufacture
- B. Installation
- C. Maintenance and repair activities
- D. Customer support
正解：B
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Source: Andrew Graves
The installation stage occurs in In-Service Operations. At this stage, the machinery is shipped and installed on the buyer's premises and check to ensure that it is working to the standards set out in the design specification.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 21
Due to the growth of consumer electronics market, semiconductor industry develops exponentially. However, the industry is dominated by a dozens of manufacturer. Chipset need to be built in factories with highly controlled environments. New chip factories cost billions of dollars and can take two years to build. Right now, factories are running at full capacity, which produce almost perfect yields, meaning basic chipset can be made for less than a dollar and more advanced versions for not much more. What are the barriers to new entrants in the semiconductor industry?
1. Poor industry growth
2. High set-up costs
3. Economies of scale
4. Low switching costs
- A. 2 and 4 only
- B. 3 and 4 only
- C. 2 and 3 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
正解：C
解説：
Barriers to entry is an economics and business term describing factors that can prevent or impede newcomers into a market or industry sector, and so limit competition. The most obvious barriers to entry are high start-up costs and regulatory hurdles which include the need for new companies to obtain licenses or regulatory clearance before operation. Also, industries heavily regulated by the government are usually the most difficult to penetrate. Other forms of barrier to entry that prevent new competitors from easily entering a business sector include special tax benefits to existing firms, patent protections, strong brand identity, customer loyalty, and high customer switching costs.
In the scenario, the new factory for chipset manufacturing costs billions of dollars, which indicates high set-up costs. Also, the incumbent manufacturers have reached economies of scale, allowing them to produce the components at optimal price.
The above descriptions are compiled from recent reports on current chip shortage (2021).
Reference:
- Barriers to Entry Definition (investopedia.com)
- CIPS study guide page 96-97
LO 2, AC 2.2
質問 # 22
Which kind of these following costs belong to fixed costs? Select TWO that apply.
- A. The annual income tax charged by local authorities
- B. The packaging and distribution costs
- C. Energy consumption in manufacturing
- D. The depreciation of capital inputs
- E. The costs of leasing or purchasing capital equipment
正解：D、E
解説：
Based on variability, the costs has been classified into three categories, they are fixed, variable and semi variable. Fixed costs, as its name suggests, is fixed in total i.e. irrespective of the number of output produced. Variable costs vary with the number of output produced. Semi-variable is the type of costs, which have the characteristics of both fixed costs and variable costs (Source: Key Differences).
Among above costs, leasing and depreciation are relatively static and do not change if volume of business activities increase or reduce.
Packaging, utilities and annual business rate (tax) are variable costs.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 23
Why should the buying organisation require the supplier to carry out acceptance testing?
- A. To compare between the account payables and account receivables
- B. To get the approval from the senior management
- C. To see whether the supplier engages in unethical business practice
- D. To check whether the product matches the specification
正解：D
解説：
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 134-135
- Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com)
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 24
A procurement manager is requested to source a major component. She needs information on sup-pliers' direct and indirect cost, fixed and variable costs to prepare for negotiations. Therefore, she collects 17 annual reports from potential suppliers who are competing in the same industry. In order to estimate an approximate value of fixed and variable costs in that industry, which of the following technique should be adopted by the procurement manager?
- A. Total cost of ownership
- B. Line of best fit
- C. Open-book costing
- D. Variance calculation
正解：B
解説：
Public annual reports can be a source of information that helps the procurement professional to analyse an industry's cost and revenue using the line of best fit. Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis. Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
In this case, by collecting and analysing 17 annual reports, the procurement manager can find the line of best fit which goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal num-ber of data points above and below it.
The slope of the line of best fit is the approximate variable costs the industry. The easiest way to calculate it is to take a point at the right-hand end of the line of best fit and note its cost and output levels. Divide the cost by the output and this gives and approximate figure for the cost per unit of output or variable cost. This gives an approximate value for the industry fixed and variable costs.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3
質問 # 25
What does the acronym RAQSCI stand for?
- A. Regulatory, Ability, Quality, Service, Cost, Inventory
- B. Regulatory, Availability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation
- C. Relationship, Ability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation
- D. Regulatory, Availability, Quantity, Sustainability, Inventory
- E. Relationship, Availability, Quantity, Sustainability, Cost, Innovation
正解：B
解説：
RAQSCI stands for Regulatory, Availability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation.
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 26
When analyzing direct and indirect costs of potential suppliers for negotiations and planning pur-chasing budget, the procurement manager collects reports from specialist organisations like Mintel, Gartner and Forrester. Which kind of information source is used by the procurement manager?
- A. RFI
- B. Company annual report
- C. Market data
- D. Technical data
正解：C
解説：
Using Porter's value chain helps procurement professionals know what are direct and indirect costs of supplier. Information on direct and indirect costs will have been collected as part of the market analysis. Information sources that may help include the following:
- Company annual reports
- Market data
- Technical data
- Request for information
- Plan visits
- Discount lists
Market data is the information that is collected and analysed by specialist organisations like Mintel, Gartner, Forrester,...
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3
質問 # 27
When preparing through-life specification, which of the following requirements should procure-ment team define besides the physical asset? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Available substitute
- B. Customer service
- C. Objectives
- D. Logistics and installation
- E. Market analysis
正解：B、D
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Source: Andrew Graves
With through-life management, buyer not only cares about the physical asset but also other factors like customer services and maintenance.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 28
After a project, the procurement team at CLK Ltd meets up and summarises on the performance. They see that they actually spent $5,000 less than planned budget. The team tries to identifies why there is such difference. This activity is known as...?
- A. Variance analysis
- B. Cash flow analysis
- C. Rolling budget
- D. Cost modelling
正解：A
解説：
The procurement team in the scenario is analysing the difference between the plan and actual spend. This activity is known as variance analysis. The sum of all variances gives a picture of the overall over-performance or under-performance for a particular reporting period. For each item, companies assess their favorability by comparing actual costs to standard costs in the industry.
For example, if the actual cost is lower than the standard cost for raw materials, assuming the same volume of materials, it would lead to a favorable price variance (i.e., cost savings). However, if the standard quantity was 10,000 pieces of material and 15,000 pieces were required in production, this would be an unfavorable quantity variance because more materials were used than anticipated.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 57-58
- Variance Analysis - Learn How to Calculate and Analyze Variances (corporatefinanceinsti-tute.com) LO 1, AC 1.4
質問 # 29
Which of the following statements is true about product life cycle?
- A. The price remains static throughout the product life cycle
- B. The price competition will be the fiercest at the declining stage because the inventories are plentiful
- C. Sale volume will be the highest at the introductory stage
- D. If price skimming is adopted, the supplier will gradually lower the price when it attracts enough buyers
正解：D
解説：
A product's life cycle portrays the length of time a product is in the market; from the beginning of its introduction to consumers until it is removed from shelves and phased out. This cycle is often divided into four phases: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Depending on the relevant stage, companies will set an according strategy to achieve their desired targets. Pricing and promotions play a pivotal role in the design of these product life cycle strategies. Therefore, product life cycle management, the process of strategizing ways to continuously support and maintain a product, is seen more and more at pricing mature players and could bring real value to your company.
Introduction phase: during the introduction phase, the new product is introduced to consumers and a substantial amount of money is invested in advertising and marketing campaigns to bring awareness of the product to the customer. In this phase competition is low, but units sold will also correspondingly be quite low as well still. Consumers need to be convinced of the benefits of the product. Lots of articles never make it beyond this phase: e.g. 3D televisions.
Profits in the introduction stage tend to be low or there may even be a loss. This is because the cost of marketing to establish product awareness plus distribution costs can be far higher than the revenue received from sales. This can be offset to a degree by 'skimming' price in the very early stages. Skimming a price is where a business charges the highest price that it thinks the market will bear initially until product recognition brings in other buyers and then the price drop.
Growth phase: when it's shown there is proven demand for the product and consumers are buying it, the next stage will be its growth phase. This phase is punctuated by increasing demand, increas-ing production and an increase in the competitive landscape. Availability of the product is under-standably paramount during this phase, going out of stock is unthinkable during the growth period.
The electric car is an example of a product that is currently in the midst of the growth phase.
Maturity phase: normally the maturity phase is the phase that is characterized by declining production and marketing costs due to synergies and economies of scale. During this phase the first signs of market saturation occur and most consumers or households already own the product. Sales numbers still grow, but at a slower pace. In the maturity phase, price competition becomes intense, a broader range of distribution channels are deployed and competition is more focused on competitive pricing, marginal product differences or the difference in services or promotions. This period in the PLC is often said to be the 'cash-cow period'.
That being said, the idea of 'Maturity from the start' also exists. This occurs when a brand decides to launch a product extension and directly follows up the maturity phase of an earlier version of the product. For example, the iPhoneX followed up from the 'normal' iPhone-series and therefore the iPhoneX never had to undergo the introduction or growth phase, but immediately started in its maturity phase.
Decline phase: the final phase of the PLC is entered once the product loses market share to other, newer products and the competitive landscape becomes too hard to survive. During this stage, de-mand declines, companies are left with overstock with prices and margins getting depressed. Therefore retailers and brands normally start stunting with promotions during the decline of the PLC to sell their final stock.
A well-known example of a product that has been through the decline phase were the Nokia phones; sales results dramatically decreased after the introduction of the iPhone.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 90
- Adjusting your Pricing Strategy to the Product Life Cycle Stage (omniaretail.com)
- Price Skimming Definition (investopedia.com)
LO 2, AC 2.2
質問 # 30
Despite of better improvement rates than other types of benchmarking, functional benchmarking still has downsides. Which of the following is most likely to be a disadvantage of functional benchmarking?
- A. Difference of corporate cultures across companies
- B. Unfair competition
- C. Legal issues regarding intellectual property
- D. Benchmarking can only be undertaken within an industry
正解：A
解説：
Functional benchmarking is a comparison to similar or identical practices (e.g., the picking process for assembling customer orders, maintaining inventory controls of spare computer parts, logistics to move operational forces, etc.) within the same or similar functions outside the immediate industry. Functional benchmarking might identify practices that are superior in your functional areas in whatever industry they may exist. Functional benchmarking would be accomplished at the federal level by comparing the IRS collections process against those of American Express. Comparing copper mining techniques to coal mining techniques is an example in the private sector.
Benefits
- Provides industry trend information
- Quantitative comparisons
- Better improvement rate
Challenges
- Diverse corporate cultures
- Great need for specificity
- Not invented here. syndrome
- Common functions can be difficult to find
- Takes more time than internal or percent
- Must be able to visualize how to adapt the best practices
Source: USN Benchmarking Handbook
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 # 31
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CIPS L4M2認定試験は、ビジネス分析の分野でキャリアを前進させたい専門家にとって重要なステップです。この試験は、ビジネスニーズを定義するプロセスに関する候補者の知識と理解をテストするように設計されています。利害関係者の要件を特定し、ビジネスプロセスを分析し、組織のニーズを満たすソリューションを推奨する能力を評価することを目的としています。
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L4M2試験問題集、L4M2練習テスト問題：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fsPYOTks8aDtTpYuD2r4tr8B7TPe3d6u