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質問 # 58
An organization has a policy requiring the encryption of personal data if transmitted through email. Which of the following is the BEST control to ensure the effectiveness of this policy?
- A. Provide periodic user awareness training on data encryption.
- B. Implement a data loss prevention (DLP) tool.
- C. Conduct regular control self-assessments (CSAs).
- D. Enforce annual attestation to policy compliance.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A data loss prevention (DLP) tool is a software solution that monitors, detects and prevents the unauthorized transmission or leakage of sensitive data, such as personal data, from an organization's network or devices. A DLP tool can help to ensure the effectiveness of a policy requiring the encryption of personal data if transmitted through email, by applying the following controls:
Scanning the content and attachments of outgoing emails for personal data, such as names, email addresses, biometric data, IP addresses, etc.
Blocking or quarantining emails that contain unencrypted personal data, and alerting the sender and/or the administrator of the policy violation.
Encrypting personal data automatically before sending them through email, using encryption standards and algorithms that are compliant with data protection laws and regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA).
Generating audit logs and reports of email activities and incidents involving personal data, and providing visibility and accountability for policy compliance.
The other options are less effective or irrelevant to ensure the effectiveness of the policy. Providing periodic user awareness training on data encryption is a good practice, but it does not guarantee that users will follow the policy or know how to encrypt personal data properly. Conducting regular control self-assessments (CSAs) is a useful method to evaluate the design and operation of the policy, but it does not prevent or detect policy violations in real time. Enforcing annual attestation to policy compliance is a formal way to demonstrate user commitment to the policy, but it does not verify or measure the actual level of compliance.
References:
The Complexity Conundrum: Simplifying Data Security - ISACA, section 3: "Data loss prevention (DLP) solutions can help prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information by monitoring network traffic for specific keywords or patterns." Guide to Securing Personal Data in Electronic Medium, section 3.2: "Organisations should consider implementing DLP solutions to prevent unauthorised disclosure of personal data via email." Encryption in the Hands of End Users - ISACA, section 2: "A key goal of encryption is to protect the file even when direct access is possible or the transfer is intercepted."
質問 # 59
Which of the following hard drive sanitation methods provides an organization with the GREATEST level of assurance that data has been permanently erased?
- A. Reformatting the drive
- B. Factory resetting the drive
- C. Degaussing the drive
- D. Crypto-shredding the drive
正解：C
質問 # 60
An organization has a policy requiring the encryption of personal data if transmitted through email. Which of the following is the BEST control to ensure the effectiveness of this policy?
- A. Provide periodic user awareness training on data encryption.
- B. Implement a data loss prevention (DLP) tool.
- C. Conduct regular control self-assessments (CSAs).
- D. Enforce annual attestation to policy compliance.
正解：B
質問 # 61
Which of the following is MOST likely to present a valid use case for keeping a customer's personal data after contract termination?
- A. A forthcoming campaign to win back customers
- B. Ease of onboarding when the customer returns
- C. A required retention period due to regulations
- D. For the purpose of medical research
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Data retention is a process of keeping personal data for a specified period of time for legitimate purposes, such as legal obligations, contractual agreements, business operations or historical records. Data retention should be based on the principle of data minimization, which requires limiting the collection, storage and processing of personal data to what is necessary and relevant for the intended purposes. Data retention should also comply with the principle of storage limitation, which requires deleting or disposing of personal data when it is no longer needed or justified. The most likely valid use case for keeping a customer's personal data after contract termination is a required retention period due to regulations, such as tax laws, financial laws, health laws or consumer protection laws, that mandate the organization to retain certain types of customer data for a certain period of time after the end of the contractual relationship. The other options are not valid use cases for keeping a customer's personal data after contract termination, as they do not meet the criteria of necessity, relevance or justification. For the purpose of medical research, the organization would need to obtain the consent of the customer or have another legal basis for processing their personal data for a different purpose than the original contract. A forthcoming campaign to win back customers or ease of onboarding when the customer returns are not legitimate purposes for retaining customer data after contract termination, as they are not related to the original contract and may violate the customer's privacy rights and preferences. , p.
99-100 References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
質問 # 62
Which of the following is MOST likely to present a valid use case for keeping a customer's personal data after contract termination?
- A. A forthcoming campaign to win back customers
- B. Ease of onboarding when the customer returns
- C. A required retention period due to regulations
- D. For the purpose of medical research
正解：C
質問 # 63
A multinational corporation is planning a big data initiative to help with critical business decisions. Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure personal data usage is standardized across the entire organization?
- A. Perform data discovery.
- B. De-identify all data.
- C. Develop a data dictionary.
- D. Encrypt all sensitive data.
正解：A
質問 # 64
Which of the following MOST effectively protects against the use of a network sniffer?
- A. A honeypot environment
- B. Transport layer encryption
- C. Network segmentation
- D. An intrusion detection system (IDS)
正解：B
質問 # 65
What is the BEST method to protect customers' personal data that is forwarded to a central system for analysis?
- A. Pseudonymization
- B. Anonymization
- C. Encryption
- D. Deletion
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Pseudonymization is a technique that replaces direct identifiers in a data set with pseudonyms or artificial identifiers that do not reveal the identity of the data subjects. Pseudonymization is the best method to protect customers' personal data that is forwarded to a central system for analysis, as it reduces the linkability of the data set with the original identity of the customers and thus enhances the privacy and security of the data.
Pseudonymization also preserves some characteristics or patterns of the original data that can be used for analysis or research purposes, without compromising the accuracy or quality of the results. The other options are not as effective as pseudonymization in protecting customers' personal data that is forwarded to a central system for analysis. Deletion is a technique that removes or destroys data from a storage device or media to prevent unauthorized access or recovery of the data, but it does not allow for any analysis or research purposes. Encryption is a technique that transforms plain text data into cipher text using an algorithm and a key, making it unreadable by unauthorized parties, but it does not reduce the linkability of the data set with the original identity of the customers and may require additional security measures to protect the encryption keys or certificates. Anonymization is a technique that removes or modifies all identifiers in a data set to prevent or limit the identification of the data subjects, but it may affect the accuracy or quality of the analysis or research results, as some characteristics or patterns of the original data may be lost or distorted1, p. 74-75 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
質問 # 66
Which of the following is the BEST control to secure application programming interfaces (APIs) that may contain personal information?
- A. Encrypting APIs with the organization's private key
- B. Requiring nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) when sharing APIs
- C. Restricting access to authorized users
- D. Sharing only digitally signed APIs
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Restricting access to authorized users is the best control to secure application programming interfaces (APIs) that may contain personal information, as it would prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries. Restricting access to authorized users can be achieved by using various methods, such as authentication, authorization, encryption, tokens or certificates.
The other options are not effective controls to secure APIs that may contain personal information. Encrypting APIs with the organization's private key is not a feasible or desirable method, as it would make the APIs unreadable by anyone who does not have the corresponding public key, which would defeat the purpose of using APIs for interoperability and integration. Requiring nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) when sharing APIs is not a reliable or enforceable method, as it would depend on the compliance and cooperation of the parties who receive the APIs, and it would not prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries who are not bound by the NDAs. Sharing only digitally signed APIs is not a sufficient method, as it would only ensure the authenticity and integrity of the APIs, but it would not prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries who can read or intercept the APIs1, p. 90-91 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
質問 # 67
Which of the following is the GREATEST obstacle to conducting a privacy impact assessment (PIA)?
- A. Conducting a PIA requires significant funding and resources.
- B. The organization lacks knowledge of PIA methodology.
- C. The value proposition of a PIA is not understood by management.
- D. PIAs need to be performed many times in a year.
正解：B
質問 # 68
Which of the following scenarios poses the GREATEST risk to an organization from a privacy perspective?
- A. The organization lacks a hardware disposal policy.
- B. Emails are not consistently encrypted when sent internally.
- C. The organization's privacy policy has not been reviewed in over a year.
- D. Privacy training is carried out by a service provider.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The scenario that poses the greatest risk to an organization from a privacy perspective is that the organization lacks a hardware disposal policy. A hardware disposal policy is a policy that defines how the organization should dispose of or destroy hardware devices that contain or process personal data, such as laptops, servers, hard drives, USBs, etc. A hardware disposal policy should ensure that personal data is securely erased or overwritten before the hardware device is discarded, recycled, donated, or sold. A hardware disposal policy should also comply with the applicable privacy regulations and standards that govern data retention and destruction. By lacking a hardware disposal policy, the organization exposes personal data to potential threats, such as theft, loss, or unauthorized access, use, disclosure, or transfer. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 123
質問 # 69
Which of the following is the PRIMARY reason that a single cryptographic key should be used for only one purpose, such as encryption or authentication?
- A. It is more practical and efficient to use a single cryptographic key.
- B. It eliminates cryptographic key collision.
- C. Each process can only be supported by its own unique key management process.
- D. It minimizes the risk if the cryptographic key is compromised.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The primary reason that a single cryptographic key should be used for only one purpose, such as encryption or authentication, is that it minimizes the risk if the cryptographic key is compromised. A cryptographic key is a piece of information that is used to perform cryptographic operations, such as encryption or authentication.
Encryption is a process of transforming data into an unreadable form using a secret key or algorithm.
Authentication is a process of verifying the identity or integrity of a user or data using a secret key or algorithm. If a single cryptographic key is used for multiple purposes, such as encryption and authentication, it increases the risk if the cryptographic key is compromised. For example, if an attacker obtains the cryptographic key that is used for both encryption and authentication, they can decrypt and access personal data, as well as impersonate or modify legitimate users or data. Therefore, a single cryptographic key should be used for only one purpose, and different keys should be used for different purposes. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 107
質問 # 70
When choosing data sources to be used within a big data architecture, which of the following data attributes MUST be considered to ensure data is not aggregated?
- A. Granularity
- B. Reliability
- C. Accuracy
- D. Consistency
正解：A
質問 # 71
Which of the following is the BEST way to limit the organization's potential exposure in the event of consumer data loss while maintaining the traceability of the data?
- A. De-identify the data.
- B. Require a digital signature.
- C. Encrypt the data at rest.
- D. Use a unique hashing algorithm.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
De-identification is a technique that removes or modifies direct and indirect identifiers in a data set to prevent or limit the identification of the data subjects. De-identification reduces the risk of re-identification and thus limits the organization's potential exposure in the event of consumer data loss. De-identification also maintains the traceability of the data by preserving some characteristics or patterns of the original data that can be used for analysis or research purposes. The other options are not effective ways to limit exposure and maintain traceability1, p. 75-76 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
質問 # 72
Which of the following is the GREATEST benefit of adopting data minimization practices?
- A. Data retention efficiency is enhanced.
- B. Storage and encryption costs are reduced.
- C. The associated threat surface is reduced.
- D. Compliance requirements are met.
正解：A
解説：
Unfortunately, the financial liability portion of retained personal information rarely shows up on an organization's financial balance sheet. And yet it is indeed a liability: the impact on an organization when cybercriminals steal that information or when the information is misused is real, in the form of breach response costs, the costs related to reducing harm inflicted on affected parties (think of credit monitoring services, a frequent remedy for stolen credit card numbers), fines from governmental regulators, and the occasional class-action lawsuit.
質問 # 73
Which of the following BEST ensures data confidentiality across databases?
- A. Data anonymization
- B. Data catalog vocabulary
- C. Logical data model
- D. Data normalization
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The best way to ensure data confidentiality across databases is to use data anonymization, which is a process of removing or modifying personal or sensitive data from a dataset so that it cannot be linked or attributed to a specific individual or entity. Data anonymization helps protect the privacy and security of the data subjects, as well as comply with the applicable data protection laws and regulations. Data anonymization can be achieved by using various techniques, such as masking, encryption, aggregation, generalization, perturbation, or synthetic data generation12.
References:
* CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 3 - Data Lifecycle, Section 3.3 - Data Anonymization3.
* CDPSE Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 3 - Data Lifecycle, Section 3.4 - Data Anonymization4.
質問 # 74
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