2023年最新の有効なCDPSEテスト解答とISACA試験PDF問題を試そう
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ISACA CDPSE認定は、組織内で効果的なデータプライバシーソリューションを実装するために必要なスキルと知識を個人に提供します。データ侵害が見出しを続けているため、データプライバシーの専門知識を持つ個人に対する需要は増加するだけです。 CDPSEで認定されることにより、個人はこの急速に成長している分野のリーダーとしての地位を確立し、個人データのプライバシーとセキュリティに真の影響を与えることができます。
質問 # 17
When using anonymization techniques to prevent unauthorized access to personal data, which of the following is the MOST important consideration to ensure the data is adequately protected?
- A. The data must be protected by multi-factor authentication.
- B. The data must be stored in locations protected by data loss prevention (DLP) technology.
- C. The key must be kept separate and distinct from the data it protects.
- D. The key must be a combination of alpha and numeric characters.
正解：B
質問 # 18
Which of the following system architectures BEST supports anonymity for data transmission?
- A. Client-server
- B. Plug-in-based
- C. Peer-to-peer
- D. Front-end
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
A peer-to-peer (P2P) system architecture is a network model where each node (peer) can act as both a client and a server, and communicate directly with other peers without relying on a centralized authority or intermediary. A P2P system architecture best supports anonymity for data transmission, by providing the following advantages:
* It can hide the identity and location of the peers, by using encryption, pseudonyms, proxies, or onion routing techniques, such as Tor1 or I2P2. These techniques can prevent eavesdropping, tracking, or censorship by third parties, such as Internet service providers, governments, or hackers.
* It can distribute the data across multiple peers, by using hashing, replication, or fragmentation techniques, such as BitTorrent3 or IPFS4. These techniques can reduce the risk of data loss, corruption,
* or tampering by malicious peers, and increase the availability and resilience of the data.
* It can enable the peers to control their own data, by using consensus, validation, or incentive mechanisms, such as blockchain5 or smart contracts. These mechanisms can ensure the integrity and authenticity of the data transactions, and enforce the privacy policies and preferences of the data owners.
質問 # 19
When tokenizing credit card data, what security practice should be employed with the original data before it is stored in a data lake?
- A. Backup
- B. Classification
- C. Encoding
- D. Encryption
正解：D
質問 # 20
An organization is creating a personal data processing register to document actions taken with personal data.
Which of the following categories should document controls relating to periods of retention for personal data?
- A. Data acquisition
- B. Data input
- C. Data archiving
- D. Data storage
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
However, the risks associated with long-term retention have compelled organizations to consider alternatives; one is data archival, the process of preparing data for long-term storage. When organizations are bound by specific laws to retain data for many years, archival provides a viable opportunity to remove data from online transaction systems to other systems or media.
Data archiving is the process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate storage device for long-term retention. Data archiving helps to reduce the cost and complexity of data storage, improve the performance and availability of data systems, and comply with data retention policies and regulations. Data archiving should document controls relating to periods of retention for personal data, such as the criteria for determining the retention period, the procedures for deleting or anonymizing data after the retention period expires, and the mechanisms for ensuring the integrity and security of archived data. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 123
質問 # 21
Which authentication practice is being used when an organization requires a photo on a government-issued identification card to validate an in-person credit card purchase?
- A. Biometric authentication
- B. Multi-factor authentication
- C. Knowledge-based credential authentication
- D. Possession factor authentication
正解：C
質問 # 22
Which of the following deployed at an enterprise level will MOST effectively block malicious tracking of user Internet browsing?
- A. Web application firewall (WAF)
- B. Desktop antivirus software
- C. Website URL blacklisting
- D. Domain name system (DNS) sinkhole
正解：A
質問 # 23
A software development organization with remote personnel has implemented a third-party virtualized workspace to allow the teams to collaborate. Which of the following should be of GREATEST concern?
- A. There is a lack of privacy awareness and training among remote personnel.
- B. The third-party workspace is hosted in a highly regulated jurisdiction.
- C. Personal data could potentially be exfiltrated through the virtual workspace.
- D. The organization's products are classified as intellectual property.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
The answer is B. Personal data could potentially be exfiltrated through the virtual workspace.
A comprehensive explanation is:
A virtualized workspace is a cloud-based service that provides remote access to a desktop environment, applications, and data. A virtualized workspace can enable software development teams to collaborate and work efficiently across different locations and devices. However, a virtualized workspace also poses significant privacy risks, especially when it is implemented by a third-party provider.
One of the greatest privacy concerns of using a third-party virtualized workspace is the potential for personal data to be exfiltrated through the virtual workspace. Personal data is any information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual, such as name, email, address, phone number, etc. Personal data can be collected, stored, processed, or transmitted by the software development organization or its clients, partners, or users. Personal data can also be generated or inferred by the software development activities or products.
Personal data can be exfiltrated through the virtual workspace by various means, such as:
* Data breaches: A data breach is an unauthorized or unlawful access to or disclosure of personal data. A data breach can occur due to weak security measures, misconfiguration errors, human errors, malicious attacks, or insider threats. A data breach can expose personal data to hackers, competitors, regulators, or other parties who may use it for harmful purposes.
* Data leakage: Data leakage is an unintentional or accidental transfer of personal data outside the intended boundaries of the organization or the virtual workspace. Data leakage can occur due to improper disposal of devices or media, insecure network connections, unencrypted data transfers, unauthorized file sharing, or careless user behavior. Data leakage can compromise personal data to third parties who may not have adequate privacy policies or practices.
* Data mining: Data mining is the analysis of large and complex data sets to discover patterns, trends, or insights. Data mining can be performed by the third-party provider of the virtual workspace or by other authorized or unauthorized parties who have access to the virtual workspace. Data mining can reveal personal data that was not explicitly provided or intended by the organization or the individuals.
The exfiltration of personal data through the virtual workspace can have serious consequences for the software development organization and its stakeholders. It can result in:
* Legal liability: The organization may face legal actions or penalties for violating the privacy laws, regulations, standards, or contracts that apply to the personal data in each jurisdiction where it operates or serves. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union imposes strict obligations and sanctions for protecting personal data across borders.
* Reputational damage: The organization may lose trust and credibility among its clients, partners, users, employees, investors, or regulators for failing to safeguard personal data. This can affect its brand image, customer loyalty, market share, revenue, or growth potential.
* Competitive disadvantage: The organization may lose its competitive edge or intellectual property if its personal data is stolen or misused by its rivals or adversaries. This can affect its innovation capability, product quality, or market differentiation.
Therefore, it is essential for the software development organization to implement appropriate measures and controls to prevent or mitigate the exfiltration of personal data through the virtual workspace. Some of these measures and controls are:
* Data minimization: The organization should collect and process only the minimum amount and type of personal data that is necessary and relevant for its legitimate purposes. It should also delete or anonymize personal data when it is no longer needed or required.
* Data encryption: The organization should encrypt personal data at rest and in transit using strong and standardized algorithms and keys. It should also ensure that only authorized parties have access to the keys and that they are stored securely.
* Data segmentation: The organization should segregate personal data into different categories based on
* their sensitivity and risk level. It should also apply different levels of protection and access control to each category of personal data.
* Data governance: The organization should establish a clear and comprehensive policy and framework for managing personal data throughout its lifecycle. It should also assign roles and responsibilities for implementing and enforcing the policy and framework.
* Data audit: The organization should monitor and review the activities and events related to personal data on a regular basis. It should also conduct periodic assessments and tests to evaluate the effectiveness and compliance of its privacy measures and controls.
* Data awareness: The organization should educate and train its staff and users on the importance and best practices of protecting personal data. It should also communicate and inform its clients, partners, and regulators about its privacy policies and practices.
The other options are not as great of a concern as option B.
The third-party workspace being hosted in a highly regulated jurisdiction (A) may pose some challenges for complying with different privacy laws and regulations across borders. However it may also offer some benefits such as higher standards of privacy protection and enforcement.
The organization's products being classified as intellectual property may increase the value and attractiveness of the personal data related to the products, but it does not necessarily increase the risk of exfiltration of the personal data through the virtual workspace.
The lack of privacy awareness and training among remote personnel (D) may increase the likelihood of human errors or negligence that could lead to exfiltration of personal data through the virtual workspace. However it is not a direct cause or source of exfiltration, and it can be addressed by providing adequate education and training.
References:
* 8 Risks of Virtualization: Virtualization Security Issues1
* Security & Privacy Risks of the Hybrid Work Environment2
* The Risk of Virtualization - Concerns and Controls3
* What is Virtualized Security?4
質問 # 24
Which of the following BEST ensures an effective data privacy policy is implemented?
- A. Incorporating data privacy regulations from all jurisdictions
- B. Providing a comprehensive review of the policy for all business units
- C. Developing a clear privacy statement with documented objectives
- D. Aligning regulatory requirements with business needs
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The best way to ensure an effective data privacy policy is implemented is to align regulatory requirements with business needs, because this will help achieve compliance while also supporting the organization's objectives, values, and strategies. A data privacy policy should reflect the legal obligations and expectations of the organization, as well as the needs and preferences of its stakeholders, such as customers, employees, partners, and regulators. A data privacy policy should also be flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances and environments12.
References:
* CDPSE Exam Content Outline, Domain 1 - Privacy Governance (Governance, Management & Risk Management), Task 3: Participate in the evaluation of privacy policies, programs and policies for their alignment with legal requirements, regulatory requirements and/or industry best practices3.
* CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 1 - Privacy Governance, Section 1.2 - Privacy Policy4.
質問 # 25
Before executive leadership approves a new data privacy policy, it is MOST important to ensure:
- A. a privacy committee is established.
- B. a legal review is conducted.
- C. a distribution methodology is identified.
- D. a training program is developed.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A legal review is the most important thing to ensure before executive leadership approves a new data privacy policy, as it would help to verify and validate the accuracy, completeness and compliance of the policy with the applicable laws and regulations that govern the collection, use, disclosure and transfer of personal data. A legal review would also help to identify and address any gaps, inconsistencies or conflicts in the policy, and to provide legal advice or guidance on the implementation and enforcement of the policy. The other options are not as important as a legal review in ensuring before executive leadership approves a new data privacy policy.
A training program is a method of educating and informing the employees and stakeholders about the new data privacy policy, its objectives, requirements and implications, but it does not ensure the quality or compliance of the policy itself. A privacy committee is a group of individuals who are responsible for overseeing, monitoring and evaluating the organization's data privacy program, policies and practices, but it does not ensure the quality or compliance of the policy itself. A distribution methodology is a method of disseminating and communicating the new data privacy policy to the employees and stakeholders, such as email, intranet, website or newsletter, but it does not ensure the quality or compliance of the policy itself1, p. 98 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
質問 # 26
Which of the following is the BEST way for senior management to verify the success of its commitment to privacy by design?
- A. Review the findings of an industry benchmarking assessment
- B. Review the findings of a third-party privacy control assessment
- C. Identify trends in the organization's number of privacy incidents.
- D. Identify trends in the organization's amount of compromised personal data
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A third-party privacy control assessment is an independent and objective evaluation of the design and effectiveness of the privacy controls implemented by an organization to protect personal data and comply with privacy laws and regulations. A third-party privacy control assessment can help senior management to verify the success of its commitment to privacy by design, by providing the following benefits:
* It can measure the extent to which the organization has adopted and integrated the principles and practices of privacy by design throughout its products, services, processes and systems.
* It can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organization's privacy governance, policies, procedures, standards and guidelines, and provide recommendations for improvement.
* It can validate the organization's compliance with the applicable privacy requirements and expectations of its customers, stakeholders, regulators and auditors.
* It can enhance the organization's reputation and trustworthiness as a responsible and transparent data controller and processor.
The other options are less effective or irrelevant for verifying the success of the commitment to privacy by design. Reviewing the findings of an industry benchmarking assessment may provide some insights into how the organization compares with its peers or competitors in terms of privacy performance, but it may not reflect the specific privacy goals, risks and challenges of the organization. Identifying trends in the organization's amount of compromised personal data or number of privacy incidents may indicate some aspects of the organization's privacy maturity, but they are reactive and lagging indicators that do not capture the proactive and preventive nature of privacy by design. Moreover, these metrics may not account for other factors that may influence the occurrence or impact of data breaches or privacy violations, such as external threats, human errors or environmental changes.
References:
* Privacy by Design: How Far Have We Come? - ISACA, section 1: "Privacy by design challenges conventional system thinking. It mandates that any system, process or infrastructure that uses personal data consider privacy throughout its development life cycle."
* Privacy Control Assessment - ISACA, section 1: "A Privacy Control Assessment (PCA) is an independent evaluation performed by a qualified assessor to determine whether an entity's controls are suitably designed and operating effectively to meet its objectives related to protecting personal information."
* Privacy by Design: The New Competitive Advantage - ISACA, section 2: "Privacy by design is a proactive approach to embedding privacy into the design specifications of various technologies, business practices and networked infrastructure."
質問 # 27
Which of the following is MOST important to establish within a data storage policy to protect data privacy?
- A. Irreversible disposal
- B. Data redaction
- C. Collection limitation
- D. Data quality assurance (QA)
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Irreversible disposal is a process of removing or destroying data from a storage device or media to prevent unauthorized access or recovery of the data. Irreversible disposal is the most important thing to establish within a data storage policy to protect data privacy, as it reflects the principles of data minimization and storage limitation, which require limiting the collection, storage and processing of personal data to what is necessary and relevant for the intended purposes, and deleting or disposing of personal data when it is no longer needed or justified. Irreversible disposal also helps to reduce the privacy risks and costs associated with data storage and retention, such as data breaches, unauthorized access, misuse or loss of data. The other options are not as important as irreversible disposal in protecting data privacy within a data storage policy.
Data redaction is a technique that removes or obscures sensitive or confidential information from a document or file, but it does not address the issue of data retention or deletion. Data quality assurance (QA) is a process of ensuring that the data meets the standards and specifications of accuracy, completeness, consistency and reliability, but it does not address the issue of data retention or deletion. Collection limitation is a principle that requires limiting the collection of personal data to what is necessary and relevant for the intended purposes, but it does not address the issue of data retention or deletion1, p. 75-76 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
質問 # 28
A migration of personal data involving a data source with outdated documentation has been approved by senior management. Which of the following should be done NEXT?
- A. Review data flow post migration.
- B. Check the documentation version history for anomalies.
- C. Ensure appropriate data classification.
- D. Engage an external auditor to review the source data.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Ensuring appropriate data classification should be done next after a migration of personal data involving a data source with outdated documentation has been approved by senior management, as it helps to identify the types, locations, and owners of the data, and to apply the appropriate privacy controls and measures based on the data classification level. Data classification also facilitates the data discovery, data minimization, data retention, and data disposal processes15. References: 1 Domain 3, Task 2; 5 Page 9
質問 # 29
As part of a major data discovery initiative to identify personal data across the organization, the project team has identified the proliferation of personal data held as unstructured data as a major risk. What should be done FIRST to address this situation?
- A. Assign an owner to sensitive unstructured data.
- B. Identify who has access to sensitive unstructured data.
- C. Identify sensitive unstructured data at the point of creation.
- D. Classify sensitive unstructured data.
正解：C
質問 # 30
Which of the following poses the GREATEST privacy risk for client-side application processing?
- A. An employee loading personal information on a company laptop
- B. A remote employee placing communication software on a company server
- C. Failure of a firewall protecting the company network
- D. A distributed denial of service attack (DDoS) on the company network
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The greatest privacy risk for client-side application processing is an employee loading personal information on a company laptop. Client-side application processing refers to performing data processing operations on the user's device or browser, rather than on a server or cloud. This can improve performance and user experience, but also pose privacy risks if the user's device is lost, stolen, hacked, or infected with malware. An employee loading personal information on a company laptop is exposing that information to potential threats on the client-side, such as unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or loss. Therefore, an organization should implement appropriate security measures to protect personal information on client-side devices, such as encryption, authentication, authorization, logging, monitoring, etc. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 153
質問 # 31
Which of the following is the BEST course of action to prevent false positives from data loss prevention (DLP) tools?
- A. Conduct additional discovery scans.
- B. Re-establish baselines tor configuration rules
- C. Suppress the alerts generating the false positives.
- D. Evaluate new data loss prevention (DLP) tools.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The best course of action to prevent false positives from data loss prevention (DLP) tools is to re-establish baselines for configuration rules. False positives are events that are triggered by a DLP policy in error, meaning that the policy has mistakenly identified non-sensitive data as sensitive or blocked legitimate actions.
False positives can reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of DLP tools by generating unnecessary alerts, wasting resources, disrupting workflows, and creating user frustration. To avoid false positives, DLP tools need to have accurate and updated configuration rules that define what constitutes sensitive data and what actions are allowed or prohibited. Configuration rules should be based on clear and consistent criteria, such as data classification levels, data sources, data destinations, data formats, data patterns, user roles, user behaviors, etc. Configuration rules should also be regularly reviewed and adjusted to reflect changes in business needs, regulatory requirements, or threat landscape.
Conducting additional discovery scans, suppressing the alerts generating the false positives, or evaluating new DLP tools are not the best ways to prevent false positives from DLP tools. Conducting additional discovery scans may help identify more sensitive data in the network, but it does not address the root cause of false positives, which is the misconfiguration of DLP policies. Suppressing the alerts generating the false positives may reduce the noise and annoyance caused by false positives, but it does not solve the problem of inaccurate or outdated DLP policies. Evaluating new DLP tools may offer some advantages in terms of features or performance, but it does not guarantee that false positives will be eliminated or reduced without proper configuration and tuning of DLP policies.
References: False Positives Handling| Endpoint Data Loss Prevention - ManageEngine ..., Scenario-based troubleshooting guide - DLP Issues, Respond to a DLP policy violation in Power BI - Power BI
質問 # 32
Which of the following is the PRIMARY reason for an organization to use hash functions when hardening application systems involved in biometric data processing?
- A. To prevent possible identity theft
- B. To ensure technical security measures are effective
- C. To meet the organization's security baseline
- D. To reduce the risk of sensitive data breaches
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The primary reason for an organization to use hash functions when hardening application systems involved in biometric data processing is to reduce the risk of sensitive data breaches, because hash functions are one-way mathematical functions that transform biometric data into a unique and irreversible representation that cannot be reconstructed or reversed. This means that even if an attacker gains access to the hashed biometric data, they cannot use it to identify or impersonate the individual. Hash functions also help preserve the privacy and confidentiality of biometric data by preventing unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure.
References:
* CDPSE Exam Content Outline, Domain 2 - Privacy Architecture (Privacy Architecture Implementation), Task 2: Implement privacy solutions1.
* CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 2 - Privacy Architecture, Section 2.3 - Privacy Architecture Implementation2.
* CDPSE Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 2 - Privacy Architecture, Section 2.4 - Remote Access3.
質問 # 33
Which of the following MUST be available to facilitate a robust data breach management response?
- A. Lessons learned from prior data breach responses
- B. An inventory of affected individuals and systems
- C. Best practices to obfuscate data for processing and storage
- D. An inventory of previously impacted individuals
正解：B
質問 # 34
An organization want to develop an application programming interface (API) to seamlessly exchange personal data with an application hosted by a third-party service provider. What should be the FIRST step when developing an application link?
- A. Data tagging
- B. Data normalization
- C. Data mapping
- D. Data hashing
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Data mapping is the process of defining how data elements from different sources are related, transformed, and transferred to a common destination. Data mapping is the first step when developing an application link because it helps to ensure that the data exchanged between the API and the third-party application is consistent, accurate, and compatible. Data mapping also helps to identify any gaps, errors, or conflicts in the data and resolve them before the data transfer occurs.
References:
* What is Data Mapping?, Talend
* Data Mapping: What It Is and How to Do It, Xplenty
質問 # 35
Which of the following should an IT privacy practitioner review FIRST to understand where personal data is coming from and how it is used within the organization?
- A. Data process flow diagrams
- B. Data inventory
- C. Data classification
- D. Data collection standards
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A data inventory is a comprehensive list of the data that an organization collects, processes, stores, transfers, and disposes of. It includes information such as the type, source, location, owner, purpose, and retention period of the data. A data inventory is essential for understanding where personal data is coming from and how it is used within the organization, as well as for complying with data privacy laws and regulations. A data inventory also helps to identify and mitigate data privacy risks and gaps.
References:
* ISACA, CDPSE Review Manual 2021, Chapter 2: Privacy Governance, Section 2.2: Data Inventory and Data Mapping, p. 40-41.
* ISACA, Data Privacy Audit/Assurance Program, Control Objective 3: Data Inventory and Classification, p. 7-81
質問 # 36
Which of the following should be done NEXT after a privacy risk has been accepted?
- A. Reconfirm the risk during the next reporting period
- B. Determine the risk appetite With management.
- C. Monitor the risk landscape for material changes.
- D. Adjust the risk rating to help ensure it is remediated
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
After a privacy risk has been accepted, the next step is to monitor the risk landscape for material changes. This means that the organization should keep track of any internal or external factors that may affect the likelihood or impact of the risk, such as new threats, vulnerabilities, regulations, technologies, or business processes.
Monitoring the risk landscape can help the organization identify if the risk acceptance decision is still valid, or if it needs to be revisited or revised. Monitoring can also help the organization prepare for potential incidents or consequences that may arise from the accepted risk.
質問 # 37
Which of the following is MOST important to consider when managing changes to the provision of services by a third party that processes personal data?
- A. Updates to data life cycle policy
- B. Business impact due to the changes
- C. Changes to current information architecture
- D. Modifications to data quality standards
正解：A
質問 # 38
An organization is developing a wellness smartwatch application and is considering what information should be collected from the application users. Which of the following is the MOST legitimate information to collect for business reasons in this situation?
- A. Height, weight, and activities
- B. Race, age, and gender
- C. Education and profession
- D. Sleep schedule and calorie intake
正解：D
質問 # 39
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