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質問 # 33
In a Kubernetes cluster, which pattern represents a valid DNS name?
- A. svc.cluster.local.<service-name>.<namespace>
- B. svc.cluster.local.<namespace> <service-name>
- C. <service name> <namespace>.svc.cluster.local
- D. <Namespace> <service-name> svc. Cluster. Local
正解：C
質問 # 34
You want to run a database migration on SAP BTP, Kyma runtime. Which workload type does SAP recommend you use?
- A. DeemonSet
- B. Parallel job
- C. One off/non parallel job
- D. StatefulSet
正解：D
質問 # 35
Which of the following elements are part of the open-source Kyma project, but not of SAP BTP, Kyma runtime?
Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Kiali
- B. Jaeger
- C. Istio
- D. Prometheus
正解：A、B
解説：
Explanation
Jaeger and Kiali are part of the open-source Kyma project, but not of SAP BTP, Kyma runtime. Jaeger is a distributed tracing system that provides end-to-end visibility into the performance and behavior of microservices. Kiali is a service mesh observability and configuration tool that provides a graphical view of the topology and health of the services in the mesh. SAP BTP, Kyma runtime does not include these components, but instead relieson SAP BTP Application Logging and SAP BTP Application Monitoring services for observability and tracing. Prometheus and Istio, on the other hand, are both part of the open-source Kyma project and SAP BTP, Kyma runtime. Prometheus is a monitoring system that collects metrics from various sources and stores them in a time-series database. Istio is a service mesh that provides a uniform way to connect, secure, control, and observe services. References:
https://learning.sap.com/learning-journey/deliver-side-by-side-extensibility-based-on-sap-btp-kyma-runtime
https://www.credly.com/org/sap/badge/sap-certified-development-associate-side-by-side-ex
質問 # 36
Which workload type is used to create time-based jobs?
- A. Job
- B. Deployment
- C. StatefulSet
- D. CronJob
正解：D
質問 # 37
Which proxy pattern is used by the service mesh solution in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime?
- A. Per-Node
- B. Sidecar
- C. Per-Container
- D. Shared library
正解：B
質問 # 38
What can be increased or decreased with Horizontal Pod Auto scalers?
- A. The lifetime of pods
- B. The number of pods
- C. The resources of pods
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) is a Kubernetes component that automatically scales workloads to additional nodes in response to increased load. Horizontal scaling means that the response to increased load is to deploy more Pods. A Pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy. A Pod represents a running process on your cluster. The HPA does not affect the lifetime or the resources of the pods, but only the number of pods that are created or deleted based on the metrics and the configuration of the HPA. References: Horizontal Pod Autoscaling | Kubernetes, What is Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)? - Komodor, Pods | Kubernetes.
質問 # 39
In which order are pods created when a StatefulSet is set up?
- A. Chronological
- B. Sequential
- C. Consecutive
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Pods are created in a sequential order when a StatefulSet is set up. This means that for a StatefulSet with N replicas, the Pods are deployed one by one, starting from the Pod with the index 0 and ending with the Pod with the index N-1. Each Pod has to be in the Running and Ready state before the next Pod is created. This ensures that the Pods have a predictable and unique identity and can be connected to their corresponding persistent volumes. References: https://www.howtoforge.com/create-a-statefulset-in-kubernetes/
https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/basic-stateful-set/
質問 # 40
Which application-based service proxy does the kyma-gateway use to handle traffic and forwarding to services?
- A. Nginx
- B. Envoy
- C. Traefik
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The kyma-gateway is a custom-configured Istio Ingress Gateway that is installed in the kyma-system namespace. It is the central point of contact for all external traffic that enters the Kyma cluster.
The kyma-gateway uses the Envoy Proxy as an application-based service proxy to handle the traffic and to forward it to the correct Service. Envoy Proxy is a high-performance proxy developed in C++ to mediate all inbound and outbound traffic for all services in the service mesh.
Envoy Proxy supports dynamic service discovery, load balancing, TLS termination, HTTP/2 and gRPC proxies, health checks, staged rollouts, fault injection, and rich metrics.
References:
Using the API Gateway to Expose Services
Extending on-premise systems via Kyma runtime
SAP BTP, Kyma Runtime API Gateway future architecture based on Istio
Exposing a Service in Kyma with API Rules
質問 # 41
What are some parts of a pod object? Note: There are 3 correct Answers to this question.
- A. ap Version
- B. kubelet
- C. etod
- D. metadata
- E. kind
正解：A、D、E
質問 # 42
Using the Cloud Events specification, which component must you use to post events to Kyma Eventing?
- A. service/eventing-event-publisher-proxy
- B. svc/eventing-nets
- C. pods/eventing nats 0
- D. pod/eventing event publisher proxy
正解：A
質問 # 43
What is a characteristic of Kubernetes pods managed by deployments?
- A. They have a stable name.
- B. They are stateful.
- C. They are assigned a random hash suffix as part of their name.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Kubernetes pods are the smallest and most basic unit of an application in Kubernetes. They are ephemeral and can be created and destroyed at any time. Pods managed by deployments are not meant to be accessed directly, but rather through services that provide load balancing and service discovery. To ensure that pods managed by deployments are unique and identifiable, they are assigned a random hash suffix as part oftheir name. For example, a pod named nginx-deployment-6dd86d77d-ztqvs belongs to a deployment named nginx-deployment and has a hash suffix of 6dd86d77d-ztqvs12. References: Deployments | Kubernetes, Kubernetes Administrator: Managing Pods & Deployments
質問 # 44
Which proxy pattern is used by the service mesh solution in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime?
- A. Per-Node
- B. Sidecar
- C. Per-Container
- D. Shared library
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The service mesh solution in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime is based on Istio, which is one of the most popular service mesh solutions. Istio uses the Sidecar proxy pattern, which means that a proxy is deployed as a sidecar container next to each service. This way, the proxy can intercept and manage the traffic between the services, without requiring any changes in the application code. The proxy also communicates with the Istio control plane, whichprovides configuration and policies for the service mesh. The other options are not valid proxy patterns for the service mesh solution in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime. References: Discovering the Service Mesh
- SAP Learning, Istio Documentation - What is Istio?
質問 # 45
What is used to isolate groups of resources in a Kubernetes cluster?
- A. Object groups
- B. Semantic versioning
- C. Namespaces
- D. Organizations and spaces
正解：C
質問 # 46
What is the kube-scheduler responsible for in a Kubernetes cluster?
- A. To schedule pods to worker nodes
- B. To schedule Cron Jobs
- C. To start pods in the master node
- D. To scale master nodes vertically
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The kube-scheduler is a control plane process that assigns pods to nodes based on scheduling principles, such as resource requirements, affinity, anti-affinity, and more. The kube-scheduler watches for newly created pods that have no node assigned and selects an optimal node for each pod to run on. The kube-scheduler does not start pods, scale nodes, or schedule Cron Jobs. These are the responsibilities of other components, such as the kubelet, the cluster autoscaler, and the kube-controller-manager. References: Kubernetes Scheduler, kube-scheduler
質問 # 47
Which open-source project is one part of the API Gateway in Kyma?
- A. Istio
- B. Django
- C. OpenCV
- D. Kodi
正解：A
質問 # 48
Which open-source tool does the SAP BTP use to provision SAP BTP, Kyma runtime?
- A. Gardener
- B. Rancher
- C. Nomad
- D. Apache Mesos
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
SAP BTP uses Gardener to provision SAP BTP, Kyma runtime. Gardener is an open-source project that enables the creation and management of Kubernetes clusters across multiple cloud providers and regions.
Gardener automates the deployment, scaling, and maintenance of Kubernetes clusters, as well as the installation of Kyma and other extensions on top of them. Gardener also provides a unified dashboard and API for cluster administration and monitoring. With Gardener, you can choose the cloud provider and region of your choice for your SAP BTP, Kyma runtime cluster, and benefit from the high availability, scalability, and security of Kubernetes and Kyma. References: Kyma Environment | SAP Help Portal, Gardener | SAP BTP, Gardener Project
質問 # 49
What does a service mesh in Kyma typically consist of? Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Worker node
- B. Control plane
- C. Master node
- D. Data plane
正解：B、D
質問 # 50
Why would you use observability tools in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime?
- A. To manage StatefulSets
- B. To monitor system behaviour
- C. To run distributed tracing
正解：B、C
解説：
Explanation
Observability tools are used to monitor system behaviour and performance, as well as to troubleshoot issues and identify root causes. Observability tools in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime include Grafana, Prometheus, Loki, and Jaeger, which provide dashboards, metrics, logs, and traces for the workloads running in the cluster1. Distributed tracing is a technique to track the flow of requests across microservices and visualize the latency, errors, and dependencies of each service2. Observability tools help developers and operators to ensure the reliability, availability, and security of their applications and services.
質問 # 51
What is the secret and configuration management feature in Kyma?
- A. A credential store and manager
- B. A local password manager
- C. A configuration assistant
- D. An object store
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Kyma uses Kubernetes secrets as the secret and configuration management feature. A secret is an object that contains sensitive data, such as passwords, tokens, or keys, that can be accessed by authorized pods or users.
Secrets can be created manually, generated dynamically, or imported from external sources. Kyma provides a custom resource (CR) called ServiceBinding that allows you to create secrets for service instances and inject them into your workloads. You can also use the Service Catalog UI or the Service Management CLI to manage your secrets123. References: Secrets | Kubernetes, Service Binding | SAP Help Portal, Service Catalog
| SAP Help Portal, Service Management CLI | SAP Help Portal
質問 # 52
Which command lists the pods in a specific namespace?
- A. kubectl list pods n <namespace>
- B. kubectl print pods n <namespace>
- C. kubectl show pods -n <namespace>
- D. kubectl get pods -n <namespace>
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The command kubectl get pods -n <namespace> lists the pods in a specific namespace. This command uses the -n flag to specify the namespace and the get pods subcommand to retrieve the pod resources. The output shows the name, status, restarts, and age of each pod in the namespace1. You can also use the -o wide flag to show more details, such as the node where the pod is running2. References:
1: Get a Shell to a Running Container
2: List pods per namespace in kubernetes
質問 # 53
What is a characteristic of Kubernetes pods managed by deployments?
- A. They have a stable name.
- B. They are stateful.
- C. They are assigned a random hash suffix as part of their name.
正解：C
質問 # 54
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