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質問 # 24
Which open-source tool does the SAP BTP use to provision SAP BTP, Kyma runtime?
- A. Rancher
- B. Gardener
- C. Apache Mesos
- D. Nomad
正解：B
質問 # 25
What does a service mesh in Kyma typically consist of? Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Data plane
- B. Control plane
- C. Master node
- D. Worker node
正解：A、B
解説：
Explanation
A service mesh in Kyma typically consists of two components: the data plane and the control plane12. The data plane is responsible for handling the communication between the microservices in the cluster. It consists of a set of sidecar proxies (Envoy) that are injected into each pod and intercept the traffic. The control plane is responsible for managing the configuration and policies of the data plane. It consists of a set of components (Istio) that provide features like service discovery, security, traffic management, observability, and more12. References: Discovering the Service Mesh, SAP BTP - KYMA - SERVICE MESH | SAP Blogs
質問 # 26
What are some characteristics of stateless workloads? Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. No references to past transactions are stored.
- B. References to past transactions are stored.
- C. Data is shared.
- D. No data is persisted.
正解：A、D
質問 # 27
What is the secret and configuration management feature in Kyma?
- A. A configuration assistant
- B. An object store
- C. A credential store and manager
- D. A local password manager
正解：C
質問 # 28
Which of the following observability tools are available in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime? Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Crafana
- B. Kiali
- C. Jaeger
- D. Loki
正解：C、D
解説：
Explanation
SAP BTP, Kyma runtime provides a vendor-neutral integration point for traces, metrics, and logs, mainly using the OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP). For this option, the system you want to connect must support OTLP natively. The observability tools that support OTLP are Loki and Jaeger. Loki is a horizontally-scalable, highly-available, multi-tenant log aggregation system inspired by Prometheus. Jaeger is a distributed tracing system that monitors and troubleshoots transactions in complex distributed systems. Kiali and Grafana are not part of the observability architecture of SAP BTP, Kyma runtime, but they can be installed separately if needed. References: From Observability to Telemetry - a strategy shift in SAP BTP, Kyma Runtime, Accessing the built-in observability tools of Kyma runtime, SAP Help Portal - SAP Online Help
質問 # 29
What are some primitives that can be used to manage storage in a Kubernetes cluster? Note: There are 3 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Volume Snapshot Classes
- B. Storage Classes
- C. Config Maps
- D. Volumes
- E. Persistent Volumes
正解：B、D、E
質問 # 30
Where can you check which SAP BTP services are available to create in your subaccount?
- A. SAP Help Desk
- B. SAP BTP Service Marketplace
- C. SAP Community
- D. SAP Discovery Center
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
You can check which SAP BTP services are available to create in your subaccount by visiting the SAP BTP Service Marketplace. The Service Marketplace is a page in the SAP BTP cockpit that lists all the services and applications that you can use in your subaccount. You can browse, search, filter, and sort the services and applications by categories, such as databases, analytics, integration, or security. You can also see the details, documentation, and pricing of each service and application, and create instances or subscriptions from the Service Marketplace. The Service Marketplace shows only the services and applications that you have entitlements for in your subaccount. You can manage your entitlements from the Entitlements page in the SAP BTP cockpit. References: SAP BTP Service Marketplace, Create a Service Instance in SAP BTP, Add a New Entitlement to Your Subaccount
質問 # 31
What does a service mesh in Kyma typically consist of? Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Data plane
- B. Control plane
- C. Master node
- D. Worker node
正解：A、B
質問 # 32
What's the responsibility of the Kubernetes cluster master node? Note: There are 2 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Schedule workloads
- B. Maintain network rules between applications
- C. Run deployed applications
- D. Maintain etod
正解：A、D
質問 # 33
If an application requires a persistent state between reboots, what must be done before it can be deployed?
- A. Create a new entry in etcd.
- B. Create a Persistent Volume Claim for a pod.
- C. Create a Persistent Volume in the namespace
正解：B
質問 # 34
A Kubernetes cluster is a set of which of the following?
- A. Data centers
- B. Proxies
- C. Machines
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
A Kubernetes cluster is a set of machines, either physical or virtual, that run Kubernetes agents and are managed by the control plane1. A cluster consists of at least one control plane node and one or more worker nodes. The control plane node runs the processes that control the cluster, such as the API server, the scheduler, and the controller manager. The worker nodes run the pods that host the containerized applications. Machines can be grouped into node pools, which are sets of machines that share the same configuration, such as size, type, or labels2. References: 1(https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/), 2(https://www.redhat.com/en
質問 # 35
What can be increased or decreased with Horizontal Pod Auto scalers?
- A. The lifetime of pods
- B. The number of pods
- C. The resources of pods
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) is a Kubernetes component that automatically scales workloads to additional nodes in response to increased load. Horizontal scaling means that the response to increased load is to deploy more Pods. A Pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy. A Pod represents a running process on your cluster. The HPA does not affect the lifetime or the resources of the pods, but only the number of pods that are created or deleted based on the metrics and the configuration of the HPA. References: Horizontal Pod Autoscaling | Kubernetes, What is Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)? - Komodor, Pods | Kubernetes.
質問 # 36
You have deployed a workload through a Kubernetes Deployment to SAP BTP, Kyma runtime. What must you do to expose the workload to the public internet? Note: There are 3 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Configure rules and access Strategies.
- B. Add a custom Virtual Service CR to secure the service.
- C. Add a readiness probe for your workload.
- D. Create an API Rule CR.
- E. Create a service to group your pods.
正解：A、D、E
解説：
Explanation
To expose a workload to the public internet, you need to create a service to group your pods, create an API Rule CR to define the host, path, and access strategies for your service, and configure rules and access strategies to secure your service with authentication and authorization mechanisms. A readiness probe is optional and used to check if your workload is ready to serve traffic. A custom Virtual Service CR is not required, as the API Rule CR creates one automatically. References: https://blogs.sap.com/2021/11/22/hardening-access-to-sap-kyma-runtime-apis-with-jw
https://blogs.sap.com/2023/10/18/sap-btp-kyma-api-rules-with-destinations-and-a-managed-approuter./
質問 # 37
Which tool does SAP BTP, Kyma runtime use for log collection?
- A. Jaeger
- B. Fluent Bit
- C. Kiali
- D. Prometheus
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
SAP BTP, Kyma runtime uses Fluent Bit as the tool for log collection. Fluent Bit is an open-source log processor and forwarder that allows you to collect data and logs from different sources, enrich them with filters, and send them to multiple destinations. Fluent Bit is deployed as a DaemonSet on every node of the Kyma runtime cluster, and collects logs from the containers running on the node. Fluent Bit forwards the logs to Loki, a log aggregation system that is compatible with Prometheus12. References: Fluent Bit, Logging | SAP Help Portal.
質問 # 38
Which workload type is used to create time-based jobs?
- A. StatefulSet
- B. CronJob
- C. Deployment
- D. Job
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
A CronJob is a workload type that creates Jobs on a repeating schedule, based on the Cron syntax. A Job is a workload type that runs a task to completion, just once. A Deployment is a workload type that manages a set of Pods that are created from the same template. A StatefulSet is a workload type that manages a set of Pods that have stable identities and persistent storage. References: CronJob, Jobs, Workloads.
質問 # 39
Which command lists the pods in a specific namespace?
- A. kubectl print pods n <namespace>
- B. kubectl get pods -n <namespace>
- C. kubectl show pods -n <namespace>
- D. kubectl list pods n <namespace>
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The command kubectl get pods -n <namespace> lists the pods in a specific namespace. This command uses the -n flag to specify the namespace and the get pods subcommand to retrieve the pod resources. The output shows the name, status, restarts, and age of each pod in the namespace1. You can also use the -o wide flag to show more details, such as the node where the pod is running2. References:
1: Get a Shell to a Running Container
2: List pods per namespace in kubernetes
質問 # 40
When do you use a Daemon Set as the main workload type?
- A. To run multiple instances of the same container
- B. To run a batch job
- C. To run a workload on every node in the cluster
正解：C
質問 # 41
Which open-source project is one part of the API Gateway in Kyma?
- A. OpenCV
- B. Kodi
- C. Django
- D. Istio
正解：D
質問 # 42
Which deployment strategy for new versions avoids downtimes?
- A. Rolling update
- B. Recreate
- C. Zero downtime
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
A zero downtime deployment is a technique that allows updating an application without interrupting its availability or functionality. It usually involves creating a separate environment for the new version and switching the traffic to it once it is ready. This way, the users do not experience any disruption or errors during the deployment process. A zero downtime deployment can be achieved by using different strategies, such as blue-green deployments, canary deployments, or rolling updates123. References: Zero Downtime Deployment Techniques: Rolling Update, Zero Downtime Deployment Techniques - Blue-Green Deployments, 5 Effective Deployment Strategies To Release Applications In 2021
質問 # 43
Which of the following technologies does the Kyme Eventing process use? Note: There are 3 correct Answers to this question.
- A. Apache Kafka
- B. MQTT
- C. Jet Stream
- D. NATS
- E. HTTP-post requests
正解：C、D、E
解説：
Explanation
The Kyma Eventing process uses the following technologies:
HTTP-post requests: HTTP requests are delivered via POST-requests in terms of sending and receiving the events1.
Jet Stream: Jet Stream provides the back end for the Kyma Eventing process1.
NATS: NATS is an open source messaging system that is used for the Kyma Eventing process12.
References: Discovering Kyma Eventing - SAP Learning, In-cluster eventing in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime | SAP Blogs
質問 # 44
When would you use kubect!? Note: There are 3 correct Answers to this question.
- A. To forward ports from remote machines to pods
- B. To plot time series data
- C. To view pod logs
- D. To deploy containers into production clusters
- E. To run interactive commands
正解：A、C、E
解説：
Explanation
kubectl is a command-line tool that allows you to run commands against Kubernetes clusters1. You can use kubectl in SAP BTP, Kyma runtime for the following purposes:
To run interactive commands. kubectl supports various commands that let you interact with your cluster resources, such as creating, updating, deleting, describing, or executing them. For example, you can use kubectl create to create a resource from a file or kubectl exec to run a command in a container2.
To view pod logs. kubectl allows you to view the logs of a pod or a container in a pod using the kubectl logs command. This can help you troubleshoot issues or monitor the pod activity3.
To forward ports from remote machines to pods. kubectl enables you to forward one or more local ports to a pod using the kubectl port-forward command. This can allow you to access a pod from your local machine for debugging or testing purposes4.
References:
1: Kubernetes / Overview of kubectl
2: Kubernetes / kubectl Cheat Sheet
3: Kubernetes / Viewing logs
4: Kubernetes / Use Port Forwarding to Access Applications in a Cluster
質問 # 45
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