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質問 # 27
What is the maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility?
- A. 150 ft. (46 m).
- B. 50 ft. (15 m).
- C. 200 ft. (60 m).
- D. 100 ft.(30 m).
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
The maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility is 200 ft. (60 m). This is based on NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, Chapter 18, Section 18.3.7.3, which states that "the travel distance from any point in a smoke compartment to reach a door in the required smoke barrier shall not exceed 200 ft (61 m)." A smoke compartment is a space within a building that is enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom. A smoke barrier is a continuous membrane, or a combination of materials, that is designed to restrict the movement of smoke.A smoke barrier door is a door assembly that is installed in a smoke barrier to allow access between smoke compartments123
質問 # 28
When assessing industrial fire risks, the type of risk management conducted depends on the significance of the decision, the complexity of the problem, and
- A. evaluation methodologies.
- B. time and cost limitations.
- C. documentation requirements.
- D. owner and management expectations.
正解：B
質問 # 29
The removal of flammable vapors by displacement for cleaning a storage tank can be accomplished by displacement with air, inert gas and
- A. absorbant
- B. sodium bicarbonate
- C. earth
- D. water
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The removal of flammable vapors by displacement for cleaning a storage tank can be accomplished by displacement with air, inert gas, and water. Water is a common method of displacing flammable vapors from tanks, as it is readily available, inexpensive, and non-reactive with most fuels. Water can be sprayed into the tank to create a water seal that prevents the vapors from escaping and reduces the oxygen concentration in the tank. Water can also be used to rinse the tank walls and remove any residual fuel. However, water displacement may not be suitable for some tanks that contain water-sensitive or water-soluble fuels, or for tanks that have limited drainage or disposal facilities.
References:ust permanent closure requirements - Nevada;A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces - CDC Stacks;Fire Explosion Prevention - Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering ...
質問 # 30
The goals of the first edition of NFPA 13D were to provide sufficient time for safe egress or rescue, economic viability, and
- A. limit damage to the dwelling.
- B. prevent flashover.
- C. limit water damage.
- D. alert the fire department.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
According to the web search results, the goals of the first edition of NFPA 13D were to provide sufficient time for safe egress or rescue, economic viability, and limit damage to the dwelling. The first edition of NFPA 13D was published in 1975 and was based on the concept of a "life safety" sprinkler system that was intended to protect the occupants of one- and two-family dwellings and manufactured homes from fire.The first edition of NFPA 13D stated that the system was not designed to protect the property or contents from fire damage, but rather to provide a tenable environment for escape or rescue1.The first edition of NFPA 13D also recognized the need for economic viability of the system, and therefore allowed for reduced water supply and piping requirements compared to other sprinkler standards2.The first edition of NFPA 13D did not explicitly state the goal of limiting damage to the dwelling, but it implied that the system would have some beneficial effect on the fire spread and severity by stating that the system was designed to prevent flashover in the room of fire origin1.References:
NFPA 13D: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 1975 Edition, Section 1-11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8, Section 8.2.1.22
質問 # 31
According to the Consumer Products Safety Commission, what type of fabric is used 51% of the time on upholstered furniture?
- A. Thermoplastic
- B. Leather
- C. Cellulosic
- D. Coated PVC
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
According to the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC), the most common type of fabric used on upholstered furniture is cellulosic. Cellulosic fabrics are made from natural fibers derived from plants, such as cotton, linen, rayon, and hemp. Cellulosic fabrics account for about 51% of the total fabric weight used on upholstered furniture in the United States1. Cellulosic fabrics are popular because they are soft, comfortable, breathable, and versatile. However, they are also highly flammable and can contribute to the spread of fire if ignited2. Therefore, the CPSC has established a flammability standard for upholstered furniture that requires cellulosic fabrics to pass a smolder resistance test3. References:
Upholstered Furniture Business Education | CPSC.gov
Fire Fighting Foams - Chemguard
Standard for the Flammability of Residential Upholstered Furniture
質問 # 32
Which type of fire alarm system transmits signals that are permanently recorded at a constantly attended supervising station located either at the protected premises or at another location of the property owner?
- A. Central station
- B. Remote station
- C. Proprietary
- D. Auxiliary
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
A proprietary fire alarm system is a type of fire alarm system that transmits signals that are permanently recorded at a constantly attended supervising station located either at the protected premises or at another location of the property owner. A proprietary fire alarm system is owned and operated by the property owner or the owner's agent. A proprietary fire alarm system is intended to provide fire alarm service to a single property or a campus of related properties.References:
NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2019 Edition, Section 3.3.105.11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1.12
質問 # 33
All of the following Road Tunnel fire model types are used EXCEPT
- A. two-dimensional models.
- B. one-dimensional models.
- C. zone models.
- D. field models.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Two-dimensional models are not a common type of road tunnel fire models. Most road tunnel fire models are either one-dimensional, zone, or field models. One-dimensional models use a simplified approach to describe the fire and smoke behavior along the tunnel axis, assuming uniform conditions across the tunnel cross-section. Zone models divide the tunnel into two or more zones, each with uniform properties, and apply mass and energy conservation equations to each zone. Field models use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve the governing equations for mass, momentum, energy, and species transport in a three-dimensional grid, capturing the spatial and temporal variations of the fire and smoke phenomena. Two-dimensional models are rarely used for road tunnel fire simulations, as they cannot account for the complex three-dimensional effects of fire and ventilation in tunnels.
References:Design Fires in Road Tunnels | The National Academies Press;CFD Modelling of Fire Ventilation in Road Tunnels - Academia.edu;Findings of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research ...1
質問 # 34
The duration of required fire flow in public supply systems ranges from
- A. 1-4 hours.
- B. 2-10 hours.
- C. 1-6 hours.
- D. 3-8 hours.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The duration of required fire flow in public supply systems depends on the type of occupancy, construction, and exposure of the building, as well as the availability and reliability of the water supply. According to NFPA
1, Fire Code, Table 18.4.5.1.2, the minimum duration of fire flow for most occupancies ranges from 1 to 4 hours, with some exceptions for high-rise buildings, health care facilities, and special hazards. The fire flow duration is intended to provide enough water for fire suppression and exposure protection until the fire is under control or extinguished.References: NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2023 Edition, Section 18.4.5.1.2 and Table 18.4.5.1.2; NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 21st Edition, Chapter 9, Section 9.2.2.
質問 # 35
When evaluating the hydraulic properties of water for fire protection system, what is the measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow?
- A. Density
- B. Pressure
- C. Velocity
- D. Viscosity
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow is calledviscosity.Viscosity is the property of a fluid that describes how easily it can deform or move when subjected to a shear stress, such as the force exerted by a pipe wall or a pump1. A fluid with high viscosity, such as honey, resists flow and requires more pressure to overcome the friction between its layers.A fluid with low viscosity, such as water, flows easily and has less frictional resistance2.Viscosity affects the hydraulic properties of water for fire protection systems, such as the flow rate, pressure loss, and pump power3. Viscosity is usually expressed in units of pascal-second (Pa s) or centipoise (cP) for liquids, and is dependent on the temperature and composition of the fluid.References:
Viscosity | Definition, Facts, Formula, Units, & Examples
Viscosity - The Physics Hypertextbook
Fire Pump Types | NFPA
[12.4: Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille's Law]
質問 # 36
The primary mechanism by which carbon dioxide extinguishes fire is
- A. chemical inhibition.
- B. saponification.
- C. cooling.
- D. smothering.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Fire extinguisher
Explore
smothering.
The primary mechanism by which carbon dioxide extinguishes fire is smothering, or displacing the oxygen that the fire needs to sustain combustion. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is heavier than air, so when it is released from the extinguisher, it forms a blanket over the fire and pushes away the oxygen.Without oxygen, the fire cannot continue to burn and is extinguished1234 Cooling is a secondary mechanism by which carbon dioxide extinguishes fire. Carbon dioxide is stored as a liquid under high pressure in the extinguisher, and when it is released, it expands rapidly and cools down. The cold gas absorbs heat from the fire and lowers the temperature of the fuel below its ignition point.However, cooling is not the main effect of carbon dioxide, as it is less effective than water in reducing the heat of the fire1234 Saponification and chemical inhibition are not mechanisms by which carbon dioxide extinguishes fire.
Saponification is a process by which wet chemical agents react with fats and oils to form a soapy foam that seals the surface of the fire and prevents re-ignition. Chemical inhibition is a process by which dry chemical agents interfere with the chemical chain reaction of the fire and stop the production of free radicals that propagate the combustion.These mechanisms are used by other types of fire extinguishers, such as Class K and Class D extinguishers, respectively1234 References:
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers - University of South Carolina4
How Does A Co2 Fire Extinguisher Work2
Why is Carbon Dioxide Used to Extinguish Oil Fires3
What is a Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher?- Safeopedia1
質問 # 37
The travel distance limit for a new unsprinklered educational occupancy is
- A. 200 ft. (61 m).
- B. 175 ft.(53 m).
- C. 150 ft. (45 m).
- D. 250 ft. (76 m).
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
According to NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, the travel distance limit for a new unsprinklered educational occupancy is 175 ft. (53 m). This is the maximum distance that an occupant has to travel from any point within the building to reach an exit or exit access door. The travel distance limit for a new sprinklered educational occupancy is 250 ft. (76 m).These limits are based on the assumption that the building has at least two exits or exit access doors from each room or space12 References:
NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, Chapter 14
Deco DeD - I Dig Hardware
質問 # 38
The Safety Class for propane refrigerant R-290 is
- A. B1.
- B. A3
- C. B2
- D. A2
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The safety class for propane refrigerant R-290 is A3, which means it has no toxicity but high flammability.
The safety class is determined by the ASHRAE Standard 34, which assigns a capital letter (A or B) for the toxicity level and a number (1, 2, or 3) for the flammability level of a refrigerant. Propane has a very low global warming potential and ozone depletion potential, but it also has a very low flash point and high auto ignition temperature, which make it highly flammable in the presence of ignition sources.References:Propane R-290 | Copeland US;R-290 Propane Refrigerant Fact & Info Sheet;Safety Data Sheet - Refrigerants; NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 21st Edition, Chapter 3, Section 3.3.4.
質問 # 39
A multistage centrifugal fire pump is defined as
- A. having two or more impellers on one shaft as a single unit.
- B. a pump installed on more than one floor or one building.
- C. requiring more than one input location connection.
- D. being able to operate with a diesel, steam or electric driver.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Fire pump
Explore
A multistage centrifugal fire pump is defined as having two or more impellers on one shaft as a single unit. A multistage centrifugal pump is a type of centrifugal pump that uses multiple impellers to increase the pressure and flow of water.Each impeller acts like a single-stage pump within a chain of pumps, and the water passes through each impeller in series, gaining pressure and velocity at each stage1.A multistage centrifugal fire pump is used to provide high-pressure water for fire protection systems, especially in high-rise buildings or large industrial facilities2.A multistage centrifugal fire pump can be driven by an electric motor, a diesel engine, or a steam turbine3.References:
Our Guide to Multistage Centrifugal Pumps | C&B Equipment
Fire Pump Types | NFPA
NFPA 20: Changes to the fire pump standard - Consulting
質問 # 40
After an emergency incident has occurred, a post-incident critique of the emergency preparedness procedure should be conducted covering the detection of the incident, implementation of incident command, and
- A. where the incident occurred.
- B. cause of the incident.
- C. total time of the incident.
- D. notification, alerting and warning procedures.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The correct answer is B. After an emergency incident has occurred, a post-incident critique of the emergency preparedness procedure should be conducted covering the detection of the incident, implementation of incident command, andnotification, alerting and warning procedures. These are some of the key elements of an effective emergency response that need to be evaluated and improved after an incident.A post-incident critique is a systematic review of the actions and decisions taken during an emergency incident, with the aim of identifying lessons learned, best practices, gaps, and corrective actions1.A post-incident critique should involve all the relevant stakeholders, such as emergency responders, emergency managers, facility managers, and affected community members2.A post-incident critique should also follow a structured format, such as the one suggested by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)3:
Introduction: The facilitator introduces the purpose, objectives, ground rules, and agenda of the critique session.
Incident Overview: The facilitator provides a brief summary of the incident, including the date, time, location, type, size, and impact of the incident.
Timeline Review: The facilitator leads a chronological review of the major events and actions that occurred during the incident, using a timeline or a log as a reference.
Strengths and Areas for Improvement: The facilitator solicits feedback from the participants on what went well and what needs to be improved, focusing on the following topics:
Detection of the incident: How was the incident detected and reported? How timely and accurate was the information? How effective were the communication systems and protocols?
Implementation of incident command: How was the incident command system established and maintained? How clear and appropriate were the roles and responsibilities of the incident commander and other staff? How well did the incident command coordinate with other agencies and organizations?
Notification, alerting and warning procedures: How were the internal and external stakeholders notified, alerted, and warned about the incident? How timely and accurate were the messages?
How effective were the methods and channels of communication?
Other topics: Depending on the nature and scope of the incident, other topics may include resource management, operational tactics, safety and security, public information, recovery and restoration, etc.
Action Plan: The facilitator summarizes the main findings and recommendations from the critique session, and assigns responsibilities and deadlines for implementing the corrective actions.
Conclusion: The facilitator thanks the participants for their contributions, and provides information on how the results of the critique will be documented and shared.
質問 # 41
What is the background color used from the source to the outlets of a nitrous oxide medical gas system?
- A. Blue
- B. Black
- C. Gray/black
- D. Yellow
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The background color used from the source to the outlets of a nitrous oxide medical gas system is blue. This is the standard color coding for nitrous oxide cylinders and pipelines in medical gas pipeline systems12. The color coding helps to identify the gas type and prevent accidental misconnections or cross-contamination3. The color coding also indicates the pressure and flow characteristics of the gas system4. References:
Colour coding of copper pipes in Medical gas pipeline system according ...
Doc 177 20 Medical Gas Cylinders Colour Coding - EIGA
Medical Gas Coding Color Chart & Explanation - Bay Corporation
Medical gases Health Technical Memorandum 02-01: Medical gas pipeline ...
質問 # 42
OSHA requires fire fighter training in hazardous materials, respiratory protection, and
- A. communicable diseases.
- B. live fire training.
- C. emergency communications.
- D. emergency medical services.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
OSHA requires fire fighter training in hazardous materials, respiratory protection, and communicable diseases.
According to OSHA standards, fire fighters must receive annual training in hazardous materials and infectious diseases, and initial and periodic training in respiratory protection. These topics are essential for fire fighters to protect themselves and others from exposure to harmful substances and pathogens.
References:OSHA training requirements for volunteer fire company personnel;What are the Current OSHA/PESH Training Requirement for Firefighters: A Review;Training requirements for firefighters;Training Requirements in OSHA Standards
質問 # 43
Zebra mussel pipe obstructions are largely concentrated around the Great Lakes and
- A. Colorado River areas.
- B. Mississippi River areas.
- C. Lake Mead areas.
- D. Salt Lake areas.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Zebra mussel
Explore
The correct answer is B. Zebra mussel pipe obstructions are largely concentrated around the Great Lakes and Mississippi River areas. Zebra mussels are an invasive species that originated from Eurasia and were introduced to North America in the late 1980s through the ballast water of ships. They have since spread to many freshwater lakes and rivers, especially in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the United States and Canada. Zebra mussels can attach themselves to hard surfaces, such as pipes, pumps, valves, and filters, and form dense colonies that reduce or block the water flow. This can cause serious problems for industries, utilities, and municipalities that rely on water intake or delivery systems.Zebra mussels can also damage aquatic ecosystems, infrastructure, and recreation by competing with native species, altering water quality, and fouling boats and equipment12345
質問 # 44
All of the following must be demonstrated to prove professional negligence under standard of care EXCEPT
- A. causation.
- B. breach of contract.
- C. damages or harm.
- D. owing of a duty.
正解：B
質問 # 45
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