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質問 # 12
______is a computer program that runs stop a blockchain and embedded within it are governance and business logic rules
- A. DAC
- B. DaS
- C. DAO
- D. Dapps
正解：D
解説：
Decentralized Applications (Dapps)are applications that run on a blockchain network and include embedded governance and business logic rules. Unlike traditional applications, Dapps are decentralized, meaning they operate on a peer-to-peer network rather than a centralized server, leveraging smart contracts to automatically enforce rules and protocols without intermediaries.
Key Details:
* Characteristics of Dapps: Dapps are open-source, operate autonomously, and store data on a blockchain. They utilize smart contracts to handle various functions, from transaction processing to enforcing governance rules and executing business logic.
* Smart Contracts: The embedded rules within Dapps are typically coded as smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into lines of code. This ensures that all transactions and operations within the Dapp are transparent, immutable, and automatically enforced.
* Use Cases: Dapps are commonly found in areas such as decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, supply chain management, and social media, offering users more control and transparency compared to traditional applications.
In conclusion,Dapps (A)is the correct answer as it refers to computer programs running on a blockchain with embedded governance and business logic rules.
質問 # 13
A________in a new chain and requires clients to upgrade in order to participate on the new blockchain.
- A. Sharding
- B. Soft fork
- C. Sub chain
- D. Hard fork
正解：D
解説：
Ahard forkoccurs when there is a fundamental change in a blockchain's protocol, resulting in the creation of a new chain that is incompatible with the previous one. After a hard fork, nodes must upgrade to the new version of the blockchain's software to continue participating in the network. A hard fork can be used to implement new features, fix security issues, or change core aspects of the blockchain.
Key Details:
* Differences from Soft Forks: Unlike a soft fork, which is backward-compatible and allows nodes on the previous version to still participate, a hard fork splits the blockchain into two distinct paths, with the upgraded path requiring new software.
* Examples: Notable hard forks include Bitcoin Cash from Bitcoin and Ethereum Classic from Ethereum. These forks occurred due to disagreements within the community on how to handle certain protocol changes, leading to the creation of separate blockchains.
* Upgrade Requirements: Participants on the blockchain who wish to continue on the new chain after a hard fork must update their software. Those who do not upgrade remain on the original chain, which continues as a separate, incompatible blockchain.
Thus, the correct answer isHard fork (A), as it directly refers to a blockchain split that requires client upgrades for participation.
質問 # 14
__________ is the process of converting rights to an asset into a digital representation on a blockchain.
- A. Tekenization
- B. Proof of Work
- C. Proof of Stake
- D. Cryptomining
正解：A
解説：
Tokenizationis the process of converting rights to an asset into a digital representation on a blockchain. This process allows assets like real estate, art, or securities to be represented as digital tokens that can be traded or transferred on a blockchain.
Key Details:
* Digital Representation of Assets: Tokenization involves creating digital tokens on a blockchain that represent ownership or rights to a real-world asset. These tokens can be transferred and traded much like traditional assets.
* Advantages of Tokenization: By enabling fractional ownership, tokenization lowers barriers to investment and improves liquidity. It also provides transparency and traceability in asset transactions.
* Use Cases: Tokenization is widely used in real estate, art, and securities, as it facilitates easy transfer, enhances liquidity, and enables global access to traditionally illiquid assets.
Thus,D. Tokenizationis the correct answer, as it describes the process of converting asset rights into a digital form on a blockchain.
質問 # 15
According to FinCEN what dictates the obligations of money transmitters?
- A. How the company advertises itself
- B. The business model
- C. The industry designation
- D. The company stated mission
正解：B
解説：
According to theFinancial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the obligations of money transmitters are determined primarily bythe business modelof the company. FinCEN regulations stipulate that companies engaged in money transmission services must comply with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter- Terrorism Financing (CTF) regulations, based on how they conduct their business rather than on their industry designation or self-description.
Key Details:
* Regulatory Basis: FinCEN's guidelines are focused on the activities of the business-specifically, whether it facilitates the transfer of money or currency on behalf of others. This regulatory approach ensures that companies involved in money transmission are subject to appropriate oversight, regardless of their industry.
* Activities Over Labels: Even if a company does not advertise itself as a money transmitter, it may still be subject to FinCEN regulations if its business operations fit the criteria for money transmission services.
* Compliance Requirements: Money transmitters must register with FinCEN and implement AML/CTF measures to prevent illicit activities, aligning their compliance obligations with the nature of their operations.
Thus,C. The business modelis the correct answer, as FinCEN focuses on the activities a company performs when determining regulatory obligations.
質問 # 16
______is intended to provide a foundation for the development of blockchain solutions with a modular architecture.
- A. IROHA
- B. FABRIC
- C. Hyperledger Composer
- D. Sawtooth
正解：B
解説：
Hyperledger Fabricis designed to provide a foundation for developing blockchain solutions with a modular architecture. Fabric, a project under the Hyperledger umbrella by the Linux Foundation, offers flexibility through its pluggable components, enabling enterprises to tailor blockchain networks according to their specific requirements.
Key Details:
* Modular Architecture: Hyperledger Fabric supports modular plug-ins for various functions, including consensus, identity management, and privacy settings. This allows organizations to customize the blockchain to suit their operational needs.
* Permissioned Network: Fabric is a permissioned blockchain, meaning that it restricts network participation to authorized entities, which is ideal for enterprise use cases that require confidentiality and controlled access.
* Enterprise-Grade Features: Fabric's architecture is well-suited for complex business processes, providing features like private data collections, which allow subsets of participants to create private channels for transactions.
Thus,B. FABRICis the correct answer, as it is specifically developed to support modular, enterprise-grade blockchain solutions.
質問 # 17
According to a study be Deloitte, which of the following are benefits of blockchain for the insurance industry (pick two)?
- A. Supporting strategic initiatives
- B. Lower costs
- C. Comprehensive interoperable health records
- D. More efficient claims processing
正解：B、D
解説：
According to studies conducted by Deloitte and other industry research, blockchain offers several benefits for the insurance industry, particularly inmore efficient claims processingandlower costs. Blockchain's capabilities in data immutability, transparency, and automation play key roles in streamlining insurance processes and reducing operational expenses.
Key Details:
* Efficient Claims Processing: Blockchain enables quicker verification and processing of claims by automating workflows through smart contracts. This reduces paperwork, minimizes errors, and speeds up the claims process, improving customer satisfaction.
* Lower Costs: By reducing intermediaries and leveraging automation, blockchain lowers administrative costs. It minimizes the need for manual verification and fraud detection, which traditionally consume significant resources in the insurance industry.
* Transparency and Fraud Reduction: Blockchain provides an immutable and transparent record of all transactions. This helps prevent fraud, as all stakeholders have access to the same data, reducing discrepancies and the need for extensive audits.
In conclusion,A. More efficient claims processingandD. Lower costsare the correct answers, as these are key benefits of blockchain for the insurance industry identified in Deloitte's research.
質問 # 18
Proof of work algorithms are best described as being used for what?
- A. Proof that adequate computational resources have been sent.
- B. Proving the user has invested enough in the system
- C. Executing transactions
- D. Bitcoin mining
正解：A
解説：
Proof of Work (PoW)algorithms are primarily used to demonstrate that sufficient computational resources have been expended by a participant to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. In PoW, miners compete to solve a cryptographic puzzle, which requires significant computational power. This effort helps secure the network by making it prohibitively expensive for any individual or group to alter the blockchain's history.
Key Details:
* Mechanism of PoW: The essence of PoW is to prove that a certain amount of computational work has been performed. This "work" is measured by the effort miners invest in solving the cryptographic puzzle. The process requires miners to find a nonce that, when hashed with the block's data, results in a hash that meets the network's difficulty requirements.
* Security and Integrity: By proving computational work, PoW ensures that miners cannot simply fabricate or alter transactions without a significant investment of resources. This mechanism deters attacks and makes blockchain networks resistant to tampering and double-spending.
* Association with Bitcoin Mining: Although PoW is often associated with Bitcoin mining (as miners expend computational resources to validate and record transactions), its broader purpose is to establish a cost for participation in the network, ensuring that all entries to the blockchain are trustworthy and secure.
Therefore, PoW is best described as a mechanism for proving that adequate computational resources have been expended, aligning with the correct answer B.
質問 # 19
In this method users permanently destroy a certain quantity of bitcoin in proportion to the quantity of altcoin to be demand. What is this method?
- A. Proof of Burn
- B. Proof of ownership
- C. Side block
- D. Side-chaining
正解：A
解説：
Proof of Burn (PoB)is a consensus mechanism where users permanently destroy (or "burn") a certain quantity of cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin, to gain the right to mine or acquire an altcoin. This process proves commitment to the network and secures it by effectively sacrificing one asset to obtain another.
Key Details:
* Burning Process: In PoB, participants send a certain amount of cryptocurrency to an unspendable address, effectively removing it from circulation. This act serves as proof that they have invested in the network by reducing the supply of the original cryptocurrency.
* Purpose and Use Cases: PoB is used by networks that want to incentivize long-term commitment and reduce total supply. It is often seen in new blockchain projects that allow miners or users to trade value in established currencies like Bitcoin for the native token of the new network.
* Security: By requiring participants to destroy value, PoB helps prevent spam attacks and promotes network stability.
Therefore,B. Proof of Burnis the correct answer, as it describes the method where users destroy a certain amount of cryptocurrency to receive or mine another asset.
質問 # 20
What two types of transactions are there in Ethereum(pick z):
- A. User
- B. Contract Creation
- C. Contract
- D. Message Call
正解：B、D
解説：
In Ethereum, there are two main types of transactions:Message CallandContract Creation. These transaction types enable Ethereum to support both the execution of contracts and interactions between accounts.
Key Details:
* Message Call Transactions: These transactions involve interactions between externally owned accounts (EOAs) or between EOAs and smart contracts. Message calls are used to transfer Ether or invoke functions within existing smart contracts.
* Contract Creation Transactions: This transaction type is used specifically to deploy new smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. During a contract creation transaction, the code for the new contract is included, which the network processes and stores at a unique address.
* Exclusion of User Transactions: While "User" refers to EOAs, it is not a type of transaction itself in Ethereum. Transactions in Ethereum are categorized based on their purpose - either calling an existing contract (Message Call) or creating a new one (Contract Creation).
Thus,C. Message CallandD. Contract Creationare the correct answers, as they represent the two main transaction types in Ethereum.
質問 # 21
Is a Microsoft blockchain development platform that allows the creation of custom private blockchains.
- A. Corda
- B. Azure
- C. Sratis
- D. Fabric
正解：B
解説：
MicrosoftAzureis a blockchain development platform that enables the creation of custom private blockchains.
Azure Blockchain Service provides tools and services that allow organizations to set up and manage consortium blockchain networks, customize smart contracts, and create tailored blockchain applications.
Azure supports multiple blockchain frameworks, includingEthereumandHyperledger Fabric, making it versatile for both private and public network needs.
Key Details:
* Azure Blockchain Service: This service facilitates the deployment of managed blockchain networks on the cloud, leveraging Azure's infrastructure to deliver scalability, security, and reliability for private and consortium blockchain applications.
* Private Blockchain Capabilities: As a private blockchain service, Azure allows businesses to operate their blockchain in a controlled, permissioned environment. This offers greater control over data and participants, making it ideal for enterprise use cases like supply chain management, finance, and legal contracts.
* Blockchain Framework Compatibility: Although Azure supports a variety of blockchain protocols, it primarily focuses on private blockchain deployments, allowing for detailed control over network participants and data visibility.
In summary, Microsoft Azure stands out as a flexible and comprehensive platform for private blockchain development, catering to enterprises with tailored solutions and extensive cloud-based services.
質問 # 22
________is used to split up the tasks into multiple chunks that are then processed by multiple nodes.
- A. Partitioning
- B. Parsing
- C. Fragmenting
- D. Sharding
正解：D
解説：
Shardingis a scalability technique that splits tasks or data into smaller, more manageable pieces called
"shards." These shards are then processed in parallel by multiple nodes in a network. By dividing the workload, sharding can significantly enhance the efficiency and speed of blockchain networks, which is especially beneficial for handling large transaction volumes and complex computations.
Key Details:
* Purpose of Sharding: The main goal of sharding is to address blockchain scalability issues. By enabling the network to process transactions and data in parallel, it reduces the load on individual nodes, thus increasing the overall throughput of the blockchain.
* How Sharding Works: In a sharded blockchain, each node only needs to process a portion of the total data rather than every single transaction on the network. Each shard is responsible for a subset of data and transactions, and only nodes within a particular shard need to validate its transactions.
* Relevance in Blockchain: Sharding is crucial in large-scale blockchain networks like Ethereum, where high transaction volumes can lead to congestion. Ethereum 2.0, for example, incorporates sharding as a core feature to improve its scalability and transaction processing capacity.
Sharding is, therefore, the correct answer, as it directly refers to the method of dividing tasks for parallel processing in a distributed environment.
質問 # 23
Public blockchains most often use________ as a consensus mechanism.
- A. PoW
- B. PoET
- C. PoS
- D. PoB
正解：A
解説：
Public blockchains most commonly useProof of Work (PoW)as their consensus mechanism, especially in well-established networks such as Bitcoin and, until recently, Ethereum. PoW is a protocol that relies on network participants (miners) solving complex mathematical problems to validate and add transactions to the blockchain. This process ensures the integrity and security of the network, as it requires substantial computational power and resources, making it difficult for any single entity to control the blockchain.
Key Details:
* Proof of Work (PoW): PoW, used primarily by Bitcoin, operates by having participants (often referred to as miners) compete to solve cryptographic puzzles. The first to solve the puzzle adds the next block of transactions to the blockchain and is rewarded with newly minted coins. This system is energy- intensive but is widely recognized for its security and resistance to tampering.
* Transition in Other Networks: While Ethereum initially used PoW, it transitioned toProof of Stake (PoS)in 2022 with Ethereum 2.0, due to PoS's lower energy requirements and increased scalability.
However, Bitcoin, the most prominent public blockchain, still relies on PoW.
* Other Consensus Mechanisms: Alternatives such asProof of Stake (PoS)andProof of Burn (PoB)are used by other blockchain networks that aim for different trade-offs in terms of energy efficiency, scalability, and security.Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET)is another mechanism mostly associated with permissioned (private) blockchains rather than public blockchains.
* Why PoW for Public Blockchains?: Public blockchains prioritize decentralization and security. PoW provides a robust way to achieve this, despite its high energy consumption. Its high level of security and historical success in Bitcoin's network often make it the go-to choice for public blockchains.
In summary, the dominance of PoW in public blockchains is due to its established security and proven track record, although PoS and other mechanisms are increasingly gaining popularity for their efficiency in newer blockchain projects.
質問 # 24
Which of the following are likely use cases for blockchain in the energy industry? (Select two.)
- A. Energy trading
- B. Safety in energy production
- C. Smart power grids
- D. Safety in energy transport
正解：A、C
解説：
Blockchain technology has significant potential in the energy industry, particularly inenergy tradingand smart power grids. By providing a transparent, decentralized, and secure platform for transactions, blockchain can facilitate peer-to-peer energy trading and improve the efficiency and reliability of smart grids.
Key Details:
* Energy Trading: Blockchain enables peer-to-peer energy trading where individuals and companies can buy and sell excess energy (such as solar or wind power) directly to each other. This decentralized model reduces the need for intermediaries and allows consumers to benefit from direct energy sales and purchases.
* Smart Power Grids: Blockchain can enhance smart grid systems by enabling real-time data sharing and automated decision-making. With blockchain, smart grids can securely record and share data related to energy production, consumption, and storage, thereby improving grid management, reducing waste, and optimizing energy distribution.
* Enhanced Transparency and Security: By recording all transactions in an immutable ledger, blockchain ensures transparency and security, reducing the risks of fraud and discrepancies in the energy market. This is especially beneficial in energy trading where trust and accurate record-keeping are essential.
Thus,Energy trading (B)andSmart power grids (D)are the most likely use cases for blockchain in the energy industry.
質問 # 25
A Type II DAPP is categorized by its______
- A. Using the blockchain and protocol of a type I
- B. Using the protocol of a type II DApp
- C. Using the block chain of a type I but not the protocol
- D. Using another blockchain such as Ethereum
正解：A
解説：
AType II DAppis a decentralized application that uses both the blockchain and protocol of aType I DApp.
Type I DApps are the foundational blockchain-based platforms, such as Ethereum, that operate with their own blockchain. Type II DApps build on these platforms, using the existing blockchain and protocol, but offering specific functionalities or services.
Key Details:
* Type I DApps: These are fundamental blockchain platforms, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which have their own blockchain and provide a foundation for other applications.
* Characteristics of Type II DApps: Type II DApps leverage the infrastructure of Type I DApps but add additional functionality through smart contracts or protocols. For example, protocols such asERC-
20 tokensorERC-721 NFTsare built on Ethereum and utilize Ethereum's underlying blockchain and consensus protocol.
* Integration: By utilizing both the blockchain and protocol of a Type I DApp, Type II DApps inherit the security, decentralization, and features of the underlying Type I platform, which simplifies their development and ensures compatibility.
In summary,B. Using the blockchain and protocol of a type Iaccurately describes the categorization of Type II DApps.
質問 # 26
_______is a word use to describe technologies which store, distribute and facilitate the exchange of value between users, either privately or publicly
- A. DLT
- B. DAO
- C. Ledger
- D. Blockchain
正解：A
解説：
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)is a broad term used to describe technologies that store, distribute, and facilitate the exchange of value between users, either privately or publicly. DLTencompasses various types of ledgers, including blockchains, where data is replicated, shared, and synchronized across a distributed network.
Key Details:
* Definition and Scope: DLT refers to a digital system for recording transactions across multiple locations simultaneously. It allows for decentralized data management and reduces the need for a central authority to maintain a ledger.
* Private and Public Ledgers: DLT can be implemented in both private (permissioned) and public (permissionless) networks. In public DLT, anyone can participate, while private DLT restricts access to authorized participants only.
* Examples of DLT: Blockchain is one form of DLT, but other types include Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) and Hashgraph. Each of these has unique mechanisms for data storage and consensus.
Therefore,C. DLTis the correct answer, as it is the term that broadly covers technologies used for the exchange and storage of value in distributed systems.
質問 # 27
According to Consensys, which of the following are benefits of blockchain for finance (pick two)?
- A. More reactive market
- B. Streamlined processes
- C. Faster claims processing
- D. Access to international markets
正解：B、D
解説：
According to ConsenSys, blockchain offers various benefits for finance, includingstreamlined processesand access to international markets. These benefits enable financial institutions to operate more efficiently and expand their services globally.
Key Details:
* Streamlined Processes: Blockchain eliminates intermediaries, automates workflows through smart contracts, and reduces paperwork, resulting in faster and more efficient financial transactions and record-keeping.
* Access to International Markets: Blockchain facilitates cross-border transactions and reduces the barriers associated with currency exchange and international settlements, allowing financial institutions to expand their reach and provide services to a global audience.
* Operational Efficiency: By automating and digitizing various financial processes, blockchain reduces costs, enhances accuracy, and simplifies compliance, making it easier for financial institutions to operate internationally.
Therefore,C. Streamlined processesandD. Access to international marketsare the correct answers, as these align with the benefits of blockchain for finance according to ConsenSys.
質問 # 28
The Financial Action Task force defines virtual asset service providers as companies that (choose two):
- A. Sell products for virtualcurrency
- B. Purchase virtual currency
- C. Transfer virtual assets
- D. Exchange virtual assets for fiat currency
正解：C、D
解説：
According to theFinancial Action Task Force (FATF),Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs)are entities or companies that facilitate activities related to virtual assets. Specifically, VASPs include businesses thatexchange virtual assets for fiat currencyandtransfer virtual assets. These activities are regulated to prevent money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illicit activities.
Key Details:
* Exchange of Virtual Assets for Fiat Currency: VASPs often act as intermediaries that enable the conversion between virtual assets (like cryptocurrencies) and traditional fiat currencies. This function is central to enabling liquidity and usability of cryptocurrencies within the traditional financial system.
* Transfer of Virtual Assets: VASPs may also provide services that involve the transfer of virtual assets from one user to another, which includes activities such as facilitating peer-to-peer transactions, wallet services, or custodial services.
* FATF Standards and Compliance: The FATF has established guidelines for VASPs to enhance transparency and ensure compliance with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter-Terrorist Financing (CTF) regulations.
Thus, the correct answers areC. Exchange virtual assets for fiat currencyandD. Transfer virtual assets, as these are the core activities defined for VASPs by the FATF.
質問 # 29
FinCEN requires any person engaging in the business of money transmission or the transfer of funds, including CVC, to (I) maintain an ''effective'' written anti-money laundering program reasonably designed to prevent the business from being employed to help the financing of terrorist activities and money laundering and________.
- A. Maintain detailed records of all customers
- B. Registry as a money service business
- C. Submit reports to the SEC
- D. Report suspidous transactions
正解：D
解説：
FinCENrequires money transmitters and companies involved in virtual currency (CVC) transmission to report suspicious transactions as part of their anti-money laundering (AML) responsibilities. This is in addition to maintaining an effective AML program and registering as a money service business (MSB).
Key Details:
* AML Program: The program must be reasonably designed to detect and prevent the use of financial services for money laundering or terrorist financing.
* Reporting Suspicious Activity: FinCEN mandates that companies must file Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) for any transactions that appear to be potentially suspicious or indicative of illegal activities.
* Regulatory Compliance: This requirement ensures that businesses adhere to federal regulations, contributing to a secure financial system by monitoring and reporting illicit activity.
Therefore,A. Report suspicious transactionsis the correct answer, as this is a key requirement for companies under FinCEN's regulations regarding money transmission and virtual currencies.
質問 # 30
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