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質問 # 18
Usability reviews aim to identify potential usability problems based on certain criteria. Which of the following is a reasonable criterion for a usability review?
- A. Functional requirements
- B. Opinion of the management
- C. Statutory Code of Practice
- D. Usability standards
正解：D
解説：
Usability reviews evaluate a system or interface against established usability principles or standards to identify potential issues before user testing. A recognized criterion for such reviews includes adherence to usability standards such as ISO 9241 or the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). These standards are derived from years of research and user-centered design principles. Options A and C do not directly relate to usability. Functional requirements (option B) refer to what the system should do, not how usable it is.
Hence, option D is correct as usability standards provide a consistent, objective basis for evaluating usability.
References:
ISO 9241-110:2020 - Interaction Principles
WCAG 2.1 - Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Nielsen Norman Group - Heuristic Evaluation
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質問 # 19
Which of the following statements about usability test scripts is wrong?
- A. It is a checklist used by the moderator of a usability test.
- B. It contains answers to the test questions.
- C. It contains post-session interview questions.
- D. It contains pre-session interview questions.
正解：B
解説：
A usability test script is a structured document used by the moderator to ensure consistency across test sessions. It typically includes pre-session briefing text, pre- and post-session interview questions, and the specific usability tasks to be performed. However, it does not include answers to the test questions, as usability tests focus on observing user behavior and performance-not testing users' knowledge. Providing answers would bias results and invalidate findings. Thus, option D is incorrect and the best choice.
References:
Usability.gov: Creating a Test Script
Nielsen Norman Group: Usability Testing Tools and Documentation
ISO 25062 - Guidelines for Usability Reporting
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質問 # 20
You are asked to evaluate the usability of a software application for a law firm. Due to time and budget constraints, it is not possible to include users in the evaluation process.
Which of the following is a valid approach for evaluating the usability in this case?
- A. User surveys
- B. Usability testing
- C. Usability Review
- D. Accessibility Evaluation
正解：C
解説：
When actual users cannot be included, a usability review (often an expert or heuristic evaluation) is the most practical method. Trained evaluators examine the interface against usability principles and standards to identify potential issues. Surveys require user input, and usability testing cannot proceed without users.
Accessibility evaluation targets inclusivity for users with impairments, which is related but not a substitute for overall usability evaluation. Therefore, option A is the only valid method under these constraints.
References:
Nielsen Norman Group: Heuristic Evaluation
Usability.gov: Expert Reviews and Inspections
ISO 9241-110 - Usability Principles
質問 # 21
Your project manager asked you for your advice. A recent project failed because the users were not satisfied with the final product, although your project manager claimed that she followed the human-centered design process. She interviewed users at the start of the project, created a first prototype and evaluated that prototype.
Which part of the human-centered design process did she miss?
- A. The "evaluate"-part
- B. The "analyze"-part
- C. The "design"-part
- D. The "iterate"-part
正解：D
解説：
The human-centered design process emphasizes iterative development-testing and refining designs through multiple cycles. In the scenario, the project manager interviewed users and evaluated a prototype but did not iterate based on feedback. Skipping iteration likely resulted in unmet user needs. Human-centered design, per ISO 9241-210, includes: understanding context of use, specifying requirements, producing design solutions, and evaluating-repeated iteratively. Hence, option D ("iterate") is correct.
References:
ISO 9241-210:2019 - Human-Centered Design Processes
Usability.gov: Human-Centered Design Activities
Nielsen Norman Group: Iterative Design in UX
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質問 # 22
What's the difference between an informal usability review and an expert usability review?
- A. No formal usability qualifications are required for an informal usability review
- B. An informal review only requires one reviewer
- C. Contrary to an expert review, an informal usability review is based on opinion
- D. An expert usability review is a formal review, not an informal review
正解：A
解説：
An informal usability review can be conducted by anyone, including stakeholders or developers, and does not require formal usability training or qualifications. It is typically subjective and based on general impressions.
In contrast, an expert usability review (also called heuristic evaluation) is conducted by a trained usability expert who applies recognized usability principles. This is what differentiates the two approaches most clearly. Options A and C are misleading; expert reviews can be informal in format, and informal reviews aren't necessarily based solely on opinion. Option D is incorrect since both informal and expert reviews can be conducted individually or in groups.
References:
Nielsen Norman Group: Heuristic Evaluation
ISO 9241-110:2020 - Interaction Principles
Usability.gov: Expert Review vs Informal Review
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質問 # 23
What does the Equality Act address?
- A. It obligates organizations to make sites accessible at all costs
- B. It protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society
- C. It states that websites have to adhere to the WCAG conformity level A
- D. It states that websites have to adhere to the WCAG conformity level AA
正解：B
解説：
The Equality Act 2010 (UK) is legislation designed to protect individuals from discrimination in various areas, including employment and access to goods and services-this includes digital products like websites.
While it does not directly mandate WCAG compliance levels (A or AA), it implies that digital services must be accessible to users with disabilities. Organizations are required to make "reasonable adjustments" to avoid discrimination. Therefore, the most accurate and comprehensive answer is B.
References:
UK Equality Act 2010 - Legislation.gov.uk
GOV.UK: Accessibility Requirements for Public Sector Bodies
質問 # 24
In a short conversation, a potential customer mentions that accessibility is of great importance to them. What does this mean?
- A. They focus on agile development
- B. They focus on quantitative usability evaluations
- C. They use prototyping in their development process
- D. They also seek to address users with limitations
正解：D
解説：
When a customer emphasizes the importance of accessibility, it means they are concerned with ensuring that users with disabilities or limitations are not excluded from using their products or services. Accessibility is about inclusiveness-providing equal access and opportunity to all users regardless of physical or cognitive ability. Option C directly reflects this understanding. The other options (A, B, and D) are aspects of usability or development methodologies but do not relate to addressing the needs of users with disabilities, which is the core focus of accessibility.
References:
W3C: Accessibility Fundamentals
ISO 9241-171 and 210 - Accessibility and Human-Centered Design
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) in Digital Accessibility Contexts
質問 # 25
A "usability requirement" is:
- A. A requirement needed to define the size of a mobile phone used in a usability test
- B. A requirement on the usability of a component or system
- C. A requirement how to conduct a usability test
- D. A requirement needed for a usability tester
正解：B
解説：
A usability requirement specifies how usable a product or component must be, often in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction, as defined in ISO 9241-11. These requirements ensure that the product meets specific human-centered design goals, such as allowing users to complete tasks accurately and quickly.
Options A and C describe procedural or test setup elements, not actual usability requirements. Option B refers to personnel qualifications, which are not the same as usability requirements related to system behavior or performance.
References:
ISO 9241-11:2018 - Usability: Definitions and Concepts
ISO/IEC 25010:2011 - Product Quality Model (Usability as a quality characteristic) Usability.gov: Defining Usability Requirements
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質問 # 26
During a usability test, a user suggested that a quick search box on every page would help a lot for several of the main tasks. You added this finding to the list.
What's the correct classification for these kinds of findings?
- A. Positive finding
- B. Usability problem
- C. Functional problem
- D. Good idea
正解：D
解説：
In usability evaluations, a distinction is made between actual usability problems (where a user struggles to complete a task or is confused by the interface) and suggestions or ideas that users provide based on their preferences or perceived improvements. When a participant offers a new feature idea (such as a quick search box), this is classified as a "good idea" or "feature suggestion," not necessarily a usability problem. It may inform future design enhancements but does not indicate a failure in usability for existing functionality.
References:
Usability.gov: Types of Usability Findings
Nielsen Norman Group: Reporting Usability Test Results
ISO 25062:2006 - Usability Test Reports
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質問 # 27
Which of the following is a principal task of the usability test moderator role?
- A. Define testing tasks
- B. Create a survey plan
- C. Write a usability test plan
- D. Log usability problems
正解：A
解説：
The usability test moderator plays a crucial role during the execution phase of a usability test. Their principal task is to facilitate the test sessions by guiding participants through predefined testing tasks, observing behaviors, and ensuring that the test environment is neutral and free from bias. Defining testing tasks, however, is primarily done during the test design phase by the usability test designer or analyst, but the moderator ensures these tasks are clearly communicated and administered to participants during the session.
Logging usability problems (option B) is often done by observers or analysts reviewing session recordings or notes, not directly by the moderator during live testing. Creating a survey plan (option C) and writing the usability test plan (option D) are preparatory activities generally done before the test sessions and are not the moderator's main focus. Therefore, the principal role of the moderator centers on conducting the sessions and managing task delivery effectively to obtain authentic user interaction with the system under test.
References:
Usability.gov, Usability Testing Basics
Nielsen Norman Group, Moderating Usability Tests
ISO 9241-210:2019 Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Process for usability testing
質問 # 28
What is the System Usability Scale (SUS)?
- A. A simple, ten-item attitude scale giving a global view of subjective assessments of usability.
- B. A usability test execution activity specified by the moderator that needs to be accomplished by a usability test participant within a given period of time.
- C. Testing to evaluate the degree to which the system can be used by specified users with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.
- D. A requirement on the usability of a component of system
正解：A
解説：
The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a standardized, reliable tool used to measure perceived usability. It consists of 10 items with five response options (from strongly agree to strongly disagree). It is widely used due to its simplicity and effectiveness in providing a single score to reflect a user's overall satisfaction with a system. Option A refers to ISO's definition of usability testing, B describes a task in usability testing, and D refers to a usability requirement, not SUS. Therefore, the correct description of SUS is option C.
References:
Brooke, J. (1996). SUS: A Quick and Dirty Usability Scale.
Usability.gov: System Usability Scale (SUS)
ISO/IEC 25062 - Common Industry Format for Usability Test Reports
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質問 # 29
A web shop owner used Google Analytics to gather information about her users. She found out that most users take about five minutes to place an order. Is the usability of the website good or bad?
- A. That depends on the accessibility of the website
- B. The usability of the website is good - five minutes is a fair amount of time
- C. That depends on the context of use as users may have different expectations
- D. The usability of the website is bad - five minutes is way too long
正解：C
解説：
Usability is defined in ISO 9241-11 as the extent to which a system can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use. Without knowing the context-such as product complexity, user familiarity, device type, or purchasing habits-it is impossible to judge whether five minutes is good or bad. For complex items, five minutes may be reasonable, while for one-click purchases, it may be excessive. Thus, usability cannot be assessed solely based on one metric like time-it must be evaluated within its full usage context.
References:
ISO 9241-11:2018 - Usability Definitions and Concepts
Nielsen Norman Group: Context of Use in Usability Testing
Usability.gov: Usability and Context of Use
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質問 # 30
Why are positive usability findings of high importance? Which of the following statements is wrong?
- A. Positive usability findings make it easier to sell the need for correcting usability problems by giving a balanced view.
- B. Positive usability findings allow a better view of the usability of the product.
- C. Positive usability findings should be used to communicate to the development team which features should not be modified or deleted.
- D. Positive findings are of high importance because they can be used in the report to justify the costs of the test.
正解：D
解説：
Positive usability findings play a key role in reinforcing what is working well in the user interface. They help:
A: Build developer confidence and soften criticism when pointing out issues.
C: Provide a complete picture of usability strengths and weaknesses.
D: Inform developers what should remain unchanged during redesign.
However, B is incorrect because justifying usability test costs should not rely solely on positive findings. Cost justification should come from the overall impact of usability on user satisfaction, performance, and business outcomes-not just good results.
References:
Nielsen Norman Group: Communicating Usability Findings
Usability.gov: Best Practices for Usability Reporting
ISO 25062 - Usability Test Report Content
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質問 # 31
You're asked to evaluate the direct interaction between ordinary users and the software product. Which kinds of evaluations would be suited for that?
- A. Accessibility evaluation
- B. Usability maturity assessment
- C. Risk assessment
- D. Usability evaluation
正解：D
解説：
A usability evaluation is specifically designed to assess how real users interact with a software product. It focuses on effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction in completing tasks. This may involve usability testing, expert reviews, or heuristic evaluations. The goal is to identify any usability problems and understand user behavior during real use.
Option A (Accessibility evaluation) targets inclusivity for users with disabilities, not general user interaction.
Option B (Usability maturity assessment) evaluates the organization's usability practices, and Option C (Risk assessment) evaluates potential project or system risks. Only option D directly involves observing and measuring user interaction.
References:
ISO 9241-11:2018 - Usability Definitions and Concepts
Usability.gov: Usability Evaluation Basics
Nielsen Norman Group: Types of Usability Evaluations
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質問 # 32
Which of the following is the best description for a usability test session?
- A. A document specifying a sequence of actions for the execution of a usability test.
- B. A black-box test technique in which test cases are designed to execute usability scenarios.
- C. A period of time in which a usability test participant is executing tests, moderated by a moderator and observed by a number of observers.
- D. A test activity specified by the moderator that needs to be accomplished by a usability test participant within a given period of time.
正解：C
解説：
A usability test session is a controlled period during which a test participant performs tasks using the system under test while being observed by a moderator and sometimes additional stakeholders or observers. The goal is to understand how users interact with the interface and identify usability problems. Option A describes an individual task, not the whole session. Option C refers to a test plan or test script, and Option D describes a test technique rather than a usability session. Thus, option B provides the most accurate and comprehensive definition.
References:
ISO 25062:2006 - Common Industry Format (CIF)
Nielsen Norman Group: Usability Testing 101
Usability.gov: Usability Test Sessions
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質問 # 33
Which of the following are common mistakes made in usability testing?
i. The user is too active
ii. Critical results are ignored
iii. No observers involved
iv. Scheduling too late
v. Incorrect focus
- A. ii, iv & v are true, i & iii are false
- B. i & iii are true, ii, iv & v are false
- C. ii & iv are true, i, iii & v are false
- D. i, ii & iii are true, iv & v are false
正解：A
解説：
Common mistakes in usability testing include:
Ignoring critical results (ii): A significant issue if findings are not acted upon.
Scheduling the test too late (iv): This can lead to usability problems being discovered too late to be addressed effectively.
Having the wrong focus (v): For instance, focusing on aesthetics instead of usability goals.
Option i ("user is too active") is not a problem-active participation is necessary. Option iii ("no observers involved") is not a typical mistake, since tests can still be valid even with recorded sessions and later review.
Hence, the correct answer is A: ii, iv & v are true.
References:
Nielsen Norman Group: Common Mistakes in Usability Testing
ISO 9241-210:2019 - Human-Centered Design
Usability.gov: Planning and Conducting Usability Testing
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質問 # 34
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