CPHRM PDF問題集で2026年08月09日試験問題 有効なCPHRM問題集
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質問 # 62
The enterprise risk management process extends beyond clinical risk management by
- A. maintaining risks in silos as the best risk management approach.
- B. comparing the organization's internal and external environment for efficacy.
- C. analyzing the organization's medication administration program.
- D. ensuring its strategic priority at the senior leadership and governance levels.
正解：D
質問 # 63
Which of the following risk management documents in a policy and procedure manual should be approved by an organization's board of directors?
- A. departmental personnel job descriptions
- B. risk analysis
- C. philosophy regarding medical error management
- D. risk management department's annual budget
正解：C
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards outlined by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the governing board has ultimate responsibility for organizational oversight, quality of care, and patient safety. As part of its fiduciary and governance duties, the board approves high- level policies that establish the organization's philosophy, strategic direction, and commitment to safety and risk management.
A philosophy regarding medical error management reflects the organization's approach to disclosure, reporting, just culture principles, accountability, and system improvement. Because this philosophy sets the tone for organizational culture and impacts patient safety, legal exposure, and regulatory compliance, it requires board-level approval to ensure alignment with governance expectations and accreditation standards.
In contrast, the risk management department's annual budget is typically approved through financial governance processes rather than as a policy document. Risk analyses are operational tools conducted by management and do not require board approval. Departmental personnel job descriptions are administrative documents managed at the executive or human resources level.
Health Care Operations objectives emphasize board engagement in safety culture and oversight of enterprise risk management. Therefore, the philosophy regarding medical error management should be approved by the organization's board of directors.
質問 # 64
A risk manager is reviewing the professional liability insurance policy for the limits of liability. Which of the following should the risk manager review FIRST?
- A. declaration
- B. insuring agreement
- C. exclusions
- D. conditions
正解：A
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the declarations page is the first section a risk manager should review when assessing limits of liability in a professional liability insurance policy. The declarations page summarizes key policy information, including named insureds, policy period, coverage types, limits of liability per occurrence and aggregate, deductibles or self-insured retentions, endorsements, and premium details.
Because the question focuses specifically on limits of liability, the declarations page provides the most direct and concise statement of coverage limits. It serves as the policy's summary and reference point for determining financial exposure and coverage structure.
The insuring agreement defines the scope of coverage and triggers for defense and indemnity obligations but does not list specific limit amounts. Exclusions outline what is not covered, and conditions specify policyholder responsibilities such as notice and cooperation requirements. While all sections are important for comprehensive review, the declarations page is the appropriate starting point when verifying coverage limits.
Risk financing objectives emphasize careful policy analysis to ensure alignment between coverage limits and organizational risk exposure. Therefore, the declarations page should be reviewed first when assessing limits of liability.
質問 # 65
What is the difference between a deductible and a self-insured retention?
- A. A self-insured retention pays after carrier limits are exhausted.
- B. A deductible has to be paid before coverage is available.
- C. A self-insured retention is paid from operational fund.
- D. A deductible is subtracted from any amounts paid by a commercial carrier.
正解：D
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management principles outlined by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, both deductibles and self-insured retentions are mechanisms used in risk financing to allocate a portion of loss to the insured organization. However, they function differently in relation to the insurer's obligation.
A deductible is typically subtracted from the amount paid by the commercial carrier. In many policies, the insurer may pay the full claim amount and then seek reimbursement of the deductible from the insured, or the insured may pay the deductible portion while the insurer handles defense and indemnity payments above that amount. The key distinction is that coverage attaches immediately, but the insured ultimately bears the deductible portion.
A self-insured retention differs in that the insured must satisfy the retention amount before the insurer's coverage is triggered. Until the retention is exhausted, the insured is responsible for payment and often for defense management.
Option B incorrectly describes a deductible as operating like a self-insured retention. Option C does not distinguish between the two mechanisms. Option D is incorrect because self-insured retention applies before, not after, carrier limits.
Therefore, the correct distinction is that a deductible is subtracted from amounts paid by the commercial carrier.
質問 # 66
Which of the following should prompt a risk manager to give notice to a malpractice carrier?
- A. disclosure to a patient
- B. internal incident report
- C. written medical record request from an attorney
- D. demand letter from a patient
正解：D
解説：
Under Health Care Risk Management principles established by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, timely notice to a malpractice carrier is a critical obligation, particularly under claims-made policies. A demand letter from a patient constitutes a clear assertion of liability and a request for compensation, which typically meets the definition of a claim under most malpractice insurance policies. Failure to notify the carrier promptly may jeopardize coverage.
A written medical record request from an attorney may signal potential litigation, but it does not necessarily constitute a claim unless accompanied by an allegation of wrongdoing or a demand for damages. An internal incident report is a risk management tool used for quality and safety improvement and does not itself trigger insurance notification requirements. Similarly, disclosure to a patient regarding an adverse event aligns with transparency practices but does not automatically represent a formal claim.
Risk management objectives emphasize understanding policy language, particularly definitions of claim and reporting requirements. Because a demand letter explicitly alleges harm and seeks compensation, it most clearly triggers the duty to notify the malpractice carrier to preserve coverage and initiate appropriate claims handling procedures.
質問 # 67
The first layer of insurance that will respond to a specific type of loss or exposure is called
- A. foundation.
- B. frontline.
- C. primary.
- D. baseline.
正解：C
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management principles supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, insurance coverage for liability exposures is often structured in layers. The first layer of insurance that responds to a covered loss is known as the primary policy.
Primary insurance provides initial coverage once any applicable deductible or self-insured retention has been satisfied. It is responsible for defense and indemnity payments up to the policy's stated per-occurrence and aggregate limits. Only after the primary policy limits are exhausted do excess or umbrella policies respond.
Terms such as baseline, foundation, and frontline are not recognized technical classifications in layered insurance structures. In professional and general liability programs, organizations commonly maintain a primary layer followed by one or more excess layers to protect against catastrophic losses.
Risk financing objectives emphasize understanding policy structure, limits, attachment points, and coordination between layers to ensure adequate protection of organizational assets. Therefore, the correct term for the first layer of insurance that responds to a loss is the primary policy.
質問 # 68
A hospital uses the same labels for all prescriptions, but they don't fit on small containers, so employees must cut/paste labels in a special way. This is an example of:
- A. Value-added work
- B. Clinical decision support
- C. Risk financing
- D. Extra processing (Lean waste)
正解：D
解説：
In Lean terms,extra processingis work that does not add value from the patient's perspective and often introduces defect risk. Cutting and reformatting labels is a classic extra-processing waste: it consumes time, creates variability, and increases the likelihood of mislabeling-one of the most serious medication safety hazards. Risk management objectives prioritize eliminating rework and standardizing the labeling process through right-sized labels, standardized print templates by container type, barcode integration, and human factors design (font size, tall-man lettering where appropriate). Removing extra processing improves efficiency and reduces cognitive load and workaround culture-both strongly associated with error.
Operationally, this is a system design failure: staff are compensating for poor equipment/process fit. Fixing the system reduces the chance of a high-severity adverse event and strengthens defensibility by demonstrating proactive hazard elimination.
質問 # 69
All of the following are valid reasons for performing risk management review of policies and procedures EXCEPT
- A. monitoring compliance with standards.
- B. ensuring consistency between practice and policy.
- C. maintaining staff competency.
- D. identifying potential risk exposures.
正解：C
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, periodic review of policies and procedures is essential to ensure alignment with current laws, regulatory standards, accreditation requirements, and best practices. Reviewing policies helps ensure consistency between written procedures and actual clinical practice, thereby reducing liability exposure.
Policy review also supports identification of potential risk exposures by detecting outdated language, conflicting guidance, or gaps in processes that could lead to adverse events. Additionally, monitoring compliance with standards-such as federal regulations, state statutes, and accreditation requirements-is a central purpose of policy review, ensuring that organizational practices meet required benchmarks.
Maintaining staff competency, however, is primarily addressed through education, training programs, credentialing, and performance evaluation processes. While policies provide guidance for staff conduct, competency assessment is not the primary objective of policy review itself.
Health Care Operations objectives emphasize governance oversight, regulatory compliance, and risk mitigation through clear, current policies. Therefore, maintaining staff competency is not a direct reason for performing risk management review of policies and procedures, making it the correct exception.
質問 # 70
Which of the following are proactive elements of a workplace violence prevention program?
- A. de-escalation, law enforcement notification, restraining order, and victim support
- B. pre-employment background screening, training, rounding, and active shooter drills
- C. notification to Drug Enforcement Agency of drug theft and crisis intervention
- D. medical record documentation of events and emergency command center activation
正解：B
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards outlined by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, proactive workplace violence prevention focuses on measures implemented before an incident occurs. These strategies aim to identify risks, strengthen preparedness, and reduce the likelihood or severity of violent events.
Pre-employment background screening helps identify applicants with histories that may pose safety concerns, consistent with legal hiring standards. Ongoing staff training enhances awareness of warning signs, communication skills, and reporting procedures. Leadership rounding increases visibility, supports early identification of environmental or behavioral risks, and reinforces safety culture. Active shooter drills and emergency preparedness exercises ensure that staff understand response protocols and can act effectively under stress.
Options B, C, and D primarily describe reactive or post-incident measures. Law enforcement notification, restraining orders, crisis intervention, DEA notification, documentation, and emergency command activation occur after an event has taken place or when an immediate threat is present.
Health Care Operations objectives emphasize prevention, preparedness, environmental assessment, and workforce education as foundational elements of a workplace violence program. Therefore, pre-employment screening, training, rounding, and drills represent proactive components of an effective prevention strategy.
質問 # 71
According to Joint Commission findings, what is a primary cause of wrong-site surgery?
- A. Laundry delays
- B. Communication failure
- C. Weather conditions
- D. Pharmacy stock-outs
正解：B
解説：
Wrong-site surgery is a high-severity, preventable event. Joint Commission analyses repeatedly identify communication failuresas a leading root cause-breakdowns in scheduling, consent/site verification, handoffs, and intraoperative confirmation. Risk management objectives therefore emphasize standardized verification systems: correct patient/procedure/site documentation, pre-op verification, surgical site marking, and a robust time-out performed with full team engagement. Communication failures can include ambiguous documentation, incorrect or incomplete handoff information, and hierarchy barriers that prevent speaking up.
Improving communication reduces reliance on memory and individual vigilance and increases system reliability. In addition, organizations must audit compliance, address workarounds, and strengthen team empowerment so any member can stop the line if a mismatch is detected.
質問 # 72
An intervention between parties to promote reconciliation, settlement, or compromise is
- A. a mediation.
- B. a judge trial.
- C. a jury trial.
- D. an arbitration.
正解：A
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution designed to facilitate voluntary settlement between parties. In mediation, a neutral third party assists disputing parties in communicating, clarifying issues, and exploring mutually acceptable resolutions. The mediator does not impose a binding decision but guides negotiation toward compromise and reconciliation.
Arbitration differs in that the neutral arbitrator typically renders a decision that may be binding, depending on the agreement between parties. Jury trials and bench trials involve formal court proceedings where a judge or jury determines liability and damages based on legal standards and evidence. These processes are adversarial and result in judicial determinations rather than negotiated compromise.
Claims and litigation objectives emphasize cost containment, early resolution, and reduction of adversarial conflict when appropriate. Mediation can reduce defense expenses, shorten case duration, and preserve professional relationships. It also provides greater confidentiality and flexibility than courtroom litigation.
Therefore, the intervention specifically intended to promote reconciliation, settlement, or compromise between parties is mediation.
質問 # 73
Which sentinel event type has been reported among the most frequent categories in Joint Commission-related analyses (noting year-to-year variation)?
- A. Gift shop inventory loss
- B. Cafeteria food complaints
- C. Falls (recent years show high frequency)
- D. Parking disputes
正解：C
解説：
Sentinel event "most common" can change by reporting year and classification approach. Recent summaries of 2023 sentinel event reporting indicatefallswere the most frequently reported category in that dataset, with wrong surgery and unintended retention also high-ranking. Risk management objectives treat this as a dynamic signal: the organization should use current event data, internal trends, and unit-specific hazards to prioritize controls. Falls prevention requires layered interventions-risk stratification, mobility support, medication review, environmental controls, and post-fall huddles to learn and redesign. Leaders should avoid over-fixating on one historical "most common" event type and instead use current surveillance to target the biggest preventable harm burdens.
質問 # 74
Which of the following is the most reliable measure of the effectiveness of an educational program?
- A. reduced severity of claims or suits
- B. observable changes in human behavior
- C. reduced frequency of claims or suits
- D. analysis of written evaluations
正解：B
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management principles endorsed by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the effectiveness of an educational program is best measured by demonstrated changes in behavior rather than by subjective or indirect outcomes. Educational initiatives in healthcare risk management aim to improve compliance, enhance patient safety practices, and modify unsafe behaviors.
Analysis of written evaluations primarily reflects participant satisfaction and perceived value of the program, but does not confirm that learning objectives were achieved or that behaviors changed. Reductions in claim frequency or severity are important organizational outcomes; however, these are influenced by multiple variables beyond education alone, including patient volume, case complexity, legal climate, and system-level interventions. Therefore, claims data are indirect and delayed measures.
Observable changes in human behavior, such as improved adherence to safety protocols, increased incident reporting, or consistent compliance with documentation standards, provide direct evidence that learning has translated into practice. Risk management objectives emphasize measurable performance improvement, competency validation, and alignment with patient safety goals.
Thus, observable behavioral change is the most reliable and immediate indicator that an educational program has achieved its intended effect.
質問 # 75
A doctor fails to administer an indicated test, and the patient deteriorates and must be admitted. This is an example of:
- A. Risk financing error
- B. Facility security event
- C. Diagnostic error (delay/omission in diagnostic process)
- D. Contracting breach
正解：C
解説：
Failing to order or perform an indicated test can represent a diagnostic process failure-an omission that delays recognition of deterioration, leading to harm and escalation of care. Risk management objectives treat diagnostic safety as a systems issue: access to decision support, timely follow-up of abnormal results, clear responsibility for test ordering and review, effective handoffs, and adequate staffing/workload conditions to avoid missed steps. Such errors are often linked to underuse in the IOM quality framework (failure to provide beneficial service) and can drive claims due to preventable worsening. Preventive strategies include standardized pathways, trigger tools for abnormal labs, closed-loop test result management, and teamwork practices that encourage escalation when clinical concern persists despite uncertainty.
質問 # 76
An unstable patient in the emergency department needs transfer to another hospital. Which of the following statements is true regarding the refusal of an on-call physician to treat this patient?
- A. The on-call physician may refuse to participate in the care of a patient, as long as that refusal is not based on insurance status or other financial concerns.
- B. The on-call physician may refuse to participate in the care of any patient, for any reason.
- C. The on-call physician is never relieved of duty to accept a patient needing specialized services.
- D. The on-call physician is relieved of duty only if unavailable because of caring for another patient, or because of other circumstances outside the physician's control.
正解：D
解説：
Under Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, obligations under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act EMTALA govern on-call physician responsibilities. When a hospital maintains an on-call roster to provide specialty services for emergency department patients, physicians listed on call are required to respond and participate in the evaluation and stabilization of patients with emergency medical conditions.
An on-call physician may only be relieved of duty if legitimately unavailable due to circumstances beyond their control, such as actively caring for another patient or being otherwise unable to respond in accordance with hospital policy. Refusal to treat for convenience or non-clinical reasons may constitute an EMTALA violation and expose both the hospital and physician to regulatory penalties.
A blanket right to refuse care is inconsistent with EMTALA requirements. While financial discrimination is prohibited, refusal for other non-justifiable reasons may still violate federal law. Conversely, stating that a physician is never relieved of duty is inaccurate, as legitimate unavailability may excuse performance under specific circumstances.
Legal and regulatory objectives emphasize compliance with EMTALA, proper on-call coverage policies, and documentation of availability. Therefore, the correct statement is that relief occurs only when the physician is unavailable due to circumstances outside their control.
質問 # 77
According to The Joint Commission, which of the following should be done to patient-owned electrical devices entering the facility?
- A. tag by biomedical engineering
- B. conduct an electrical safety inspection
- C. sequester the electrical device
- D. inventory with patient belongings
正解：B
質問 # 78
A hospital has opted to open an anticoagulation clinic. As this is a high-risk medication, a risk manager wants to conduct a risk assessment before opening the clinic. The BEST tool to use would be a
- A. scatter diagram.
- B. failure mode and effects analysis FMEA.
- C. root cause analysis RCA.
- D. cause and effect diagram.
正解：B
解説：
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis FMEA is the most appropriate tool in this scenario because it is a proactive risk assessment methodology designed to identify and mitigate potential failures before harm occurs. According to Health Care Risk Management principles outlined by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, FMEA is specifically used when introducing new processes, services, or high-risk clinical operations, such as an anticoagulation clinic involving medications with narrow therapeutic indices and significant bleeding risks.
FMEA systematically evaluates each step in a proposed process, identifies possible failure modes, analyzes their causes and effects, and prioritizes risks using severity, occurrence, and detectability scoring. This structured approach aligns with patient safety objectives by reducing preventable adverse events before implementation.
In contrast, Root Cause Analysis RCA is a retrospective tool used after an adverse event has occurred. A cause and effect diagram is a component often used within RCA or FMEA but is not a comprehensive risk assessment tool on its own. A scatter diagram is primarily used for statistical correlation analysis and does not evaluate process failures.
Therefore, for proactive risk identification and mitigation prior to clinic opening, FMEA is the best and most appropriate tool.
質問 # 79
An organization has recently changed insurance. The risk manager receives a claim from a former patient on July 3, 2004, claiming injury and alleging negligence by the surgery staff on September 5, 2003. Which of the following would apply to this claim?
* a claims-made policy for the period 1/1/03 to 1/1/04 with a retro date of 1/1/02
* an occurrence policy for the period 1/1/03 to 1/1/04
* a claims-made policy for the period 1/1/03 to 1/1/04 with a 1-year tail coverage
* an occurrence policy for the period 1/1/04 to 1/1/05
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
正解：A
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, coverage determination depends on both the policy trigger and relevant dates. The alleged negligence occurred on September 5, 2003. Under an occurrence policy in effect from 1/1
/03 to 1/1/04, coverage applies because the event occurred during that policy period, regardless of when the claim was filed. Therefore, option 2 applies.
For a claims-made policy covering 1/1/03 to 1/1/04, coverage would require that the claim be made and reported during the policy period unless tail coverage is in place. Because the claim was received on July 3,
2004, after expiration of the 1/1/03 to 1/1/04 claims-made policy, coverage would apply only if a 1-year tail was purchased. Thus, option 3 applies.
Option 1 would not apply because the claim was made after the claims-made policy period ended, and no tail is specified. Option 4 would not apply because occurrence coverage from 1/1/04 to 1/1/05 would not cover an event that occurred in 2003.
Risk financing objectives emphasize understanding policy triggers, reporting requirements, and tail coverage.
Therefore, the applicable coverage scenarios are the occurrence policy for 2003 and the claims-made policy with tail coverage.
質問 # 80
A hospital's blood transfusions are99.7% error-free. Which function best estimates how many transfusions are likely before an error occurs?
- A. Multinomial distribution
- B. Linear regression
- C. Geometric distribution (time until first failure)
- D. Chi-square test
正解：C
解説：
If each transfusion has an independent probability of error, the number of transfusions until thefirsterror is modeled by thegeometric distribution, which describes "trials until first failure." The expected number of transfusions before an error is approximately, so. Risk management objectives use this type of reliability thinking to convert percentages into operational intuition: "Even a 0.3% error rate becomes a predictable event in high-volume processes." That insight supports prioritizing controls (barcoding, two-person verification, bedside ID checks, standardized labeling, transfusion time-outs) because rare-event rates still produce real harm over time. Interpreting reliability this way also helps boards and leaders understand that
"99.x%" can be unsafe in critical processes and that system redesign is often necessary to reach high reliability.
質問 # 81
Whenever possible, medication orders should be by:
- A. Brand name
- B. Color coding
- C. Dose (explicit numeric dose and units)
- D. Verbal shorthand
正解：C
解説：
Ordering by cleardose(with units, route, frequency, and indication when needed) reduces ambiguity and prevents common medication errors such as wrong concentration, wrong formulation, or misunderstood shorthand. Risk management objectives emphasize "closed-loop" medication communication: standardized ordering, read-back for limited verbal orders, and minimizing abbreviations that cause confusion (sound-alike drug names, numeric mishearing like 15 vs 50). Patient safety frameworks consistently identify unclear orders as a high-frequency contributor to adverse drug events; therefore, explicit dosing is a core reliability practice.
When dose is specified precisely and entered via CPOE (preferred), organizations reduce transcription errors, improve pharmacy verification, and enable automated safety checks. Clear dosing also supports legal defensibility by documenting rational prescribing aligned with standards of care.
質問 # 82
When considering the proper insurance to purchase for an organization and its practitioners, a risk manager should understand which of the following about specific types of coverage?
- A. With claims-made coverage, the nose period has no significance to the coverage of the insured.
- B. Occurrence coverage provides coverage for incidents that occur prior to initiation date of the policy as long as the event is reported to the insurer before signing.
- C. With claims-made coverage, the retroactive date does not impact the coverage of the insured.
- D. Occurrence coverage provides coverage for incidents that occur while the policy is in effect.
正解：D
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, occurrence coverage provides protection for incidents that occur during the policy period, regardless of when the claim is reported. The triggering event is the date of the occurrence. As long as the alleged act or omission took place while the policy was in force, coverage applies even if the claim is filed years later.
Option A is incorrect because occurrence coverage does not extend to incidents that occur prior to the policy's effective date. Coverage is strictly tied to the policy period.
Option C is incorrect because in claims-made coverage, the retroactive date is critical. Coverage applies only to claims made during the policy period for incidents that occurred on or after the retroactive date.
Option D is incorrect because the "nose" period, also known as prior acts coverage, is highly significant in claims-made policies. It determines whether earlier acts are covered when switching carriers.
Risk financing objectives emphasize understanding policy triggers, retroactive dates, and reporting requirements. Therefore, occurrence coverage applies to incidents that occur while the policy is in effect.
質問 # 83
The set of values, norms, guiding beliefs, and understandings that is shared by members of a healthcare organization and is taught to new members is
- A. corporate vision.
- B. strategic mission.
- C. organizational culture.
- D. managerial ethics.
正解：C
解説：
Within Health Care Risk Management frameworks identified by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, organizational culture refers to the collective values, shared norms, guiding beliefs, and behavioral expectations that shape how members of a healthcare organization function. It influences decision-making, communication patterns, leadership styles, and responses to risk and safety concerns. Culture is transmitted formally through policies and training, and informally through leadership behavior, peer interactions, and organizational traditions.
Organizational culture plays a critical role in patient safety, compliance, and ethical conduct. A strong culture of safety encourages reporting of adverse events, supports transparency, and promotes continuous improvement. Conversely, a punitive or hierarchical culture may suppress reporting and increase liability exposure.
Corporate vision describes the aspirational future state of the organization. A strategic mission outlines the organization's purpose and objectives. Managerial ethics refers to principles guiding leadership conduct.
While these elements contribute to the broader organizational framework, they do not encompass the shared and socially transmitted system of norms and beliefs that define culture.
Therefore, the correct term describing shared and taught values and norms within a healthcare organization is organizational culture.
質問 # 84
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ASHRM CPHRM 認定試験の出題範囲：
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