2025年08月 ISQI CTAL-TTA_Syll19_4.0実際の問題とブレーン問題集
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質問 # 11
Consider the following control flow graph:
The control flow represents a software component of a car navigation system. Within the project the maximum cyclomatic complexity to be allowed is set at 5.
Which of the following statements is correct?
- A. No defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 4
- B. No defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 3.
- C. A defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 6.
- D. No defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 5.
正解：C
解説：
Cyclomatic complexity is a measure of the number of linearly-independent paths through a program's source code, which is often used as a measure of the complexity of a program. The control flow graph provided represents the logic of a software component and has more than 5 nodes with decision points, indicating that the complexity would exceed the maximum allowed value of 5. The calculation for cyclomatic complexity is V(G) = E - N + 2P, where E is the number of edges, N is the number of nodes, and P is the number of connected components. In this case, the calculated cyclomatic complexity exceeds the allowed threshold, thus a defect should be reported.
質問 # 12
Consider the pseudo code provided below:
Which of the following options provides a set of test cases that achieves 100% decision coverage for this code fragment, with the minimum number of test cases?
Assume that in the options, each of the three numbers in parenthesis represent the inputs for a test case, where the first number represents variable "a", the second number represents variable "b", and the third number represents variable "c".
- A. (4,5. 0); {5, 4, 5)
- B. (5. 3, 2); (6, 4, 2); (5, 4, 0)
- C. (5. 4, 0); (3, 2, 5); (4, 5, 0)
- D. (5. 3,2)
正解：B
解説：
To achieve 100% decision coverage with the minimum number of test cases, we need to ensure that every branch of the decision is taken at least once. For the code provided:
The first condition (a>b) is true for the first two test cases and false for the third.
The second condition (b>c) is true for the first test case, false for the second, and does not matter for the third since the first condition is false.
Therefore, with these three test cases, we cover all possible outcomes of the decision, ensuring 100% decision coverage.
質問 # 13
You are involved in testing a system in the medical domain. Testing needs to comply with the FDA requirements and is rated as being safety critical. A product risk assessment has been performed and various mitigation actions have been identified. Reliability testing is one of the test types that needs to be performed throughout the development lifecycle.
Based on the information provided, which of the following activities would need to be addressed in the test plan?
- A. Design and execution of test cases for scalability.
- B. Perform a vulnerability scan.
- C. Testing whether the installation/de-installation can be completed.
- D. Design and execution of specific tests that evaluate the software's tolerance to faults in terms of handling unexpected input values.
正解：D
解説：
In the context of safety-critical systems, particularly in the medical domain, reliability is of utmost importance. For such systems, it is crucial to ensure that the software can handle unexpected input values and continue to operate without failure. This is essential to ensure patient safety and compliance with FDA requirements. Vulnerability scans (option A) are more related to security testing, whereas scalability (option C) and installation/de-installation (option D) are important but not specifically related to the reliability and safety criticality of the system in the medical domain.
質問 # 14
Which of the following is a valid reason for including security testing in a test approach?
- A. There is a threat of unauthorized copying of applications or data.
- B. To provide measurements from which an overall level of availability can be obtained.
- C. To evaluate the ability of a system to handle peak loads at or beyond the limits of its anticipated or specified workloads
- D. Software changes will be frequent after it enters production.
正解：A
解説：
Including security testing in a test approach is valid when there are concerns about unauthorized access or activities, such as the threat of unauthorized copying of applications or data (option A). This type of testing aims to uncover vulnerabilities that could be exploited to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the system. The other options listed-availability measurements (option B), system's peak load handling (option C), and frequent software changes (option D)-relate to different aspects of testing, such as reliability, performance, and maintainability, which are not directly associated with security testing.
質問 # 15
Consider the following fault attack:
* Force all possible incoming errors from the software/operating system interfaces to the application.
Which of the following is the kind of failure you are looking for when using this attack?
- A. Application crashes due to a lack of portability.
- B. Application crashes when unsupported characters are pasted into an input field.
- C. Application miscalculates total monthly balance due on credit cards.
- D. Application crashes when the network is unavailable.
正解：B
解説：
The fault attack described involves forcing all possible incoming errors from software/operating system interfaces. The type of failure being sought is one where the application does not handle erroneous or unexpected input correctly, which can lead to crashes or other unintended behavior. Thus, an application crash when unsupported characters are pasted into an input field is a typical failure that this kind of fault attack would aim to uncover.
質問 # 16
A product risk assessment has revealed the following product risks:
* lack of usability requirements
* security during on-line transactions
* perceived performance of the system and response time from the user interface
* a required availability of almost 100%
To address the 4th risk, which of the following quality characteristics for technical testing should be part of the test approach?
- A. Adaptability
- B. Portability
- C. Reliability
- D. Compatibility
正解：C
解説：
To address the product risk of requiring an availability of almost 100%, the quality characteristic of reliability should be part of the test approach. Reliability testing focuses on the ability of the system to perform under expected conditions for a specified period of time. It is essential for systems that need to be operational continuously or near-continuously. This characteristic encompasses the system's uptime, fault tolerance, recoverability, and the ability to perform under anticipated conditions, all of which are relevant to maintaining high availability.
質問 # 17
Which of the following is a generic risk factor that should be considered by a Technical Test Analyst during a product risk analysis?
- A. Frequency of use of the affected feature by end-users.
- B. Complexity of new technology.
- C. Visibility of failure leading to negative publicity and potential image damage.
- D. High change rate of business requirements.
正解：B
解説：
A Technical Test Analyst during a product risk analysis would consider the complexity of new technology as a generic risk factor. Complex new technology can introduce uncertainties and potential issues that may not be well-understood, which can increase the risk of defects. Frequency of use, visibility of failure, and high change rate of business requirements are also valid considerations, but they are more specific to particular scenarios or aspects of the product rather than the generic technological complexity which is always a concern regardless of the context.
質問 # 18
You are asked to provide a practical and pragmatic testing solution for a commercial system where the main user interface is via the Internet. It is critical that the company's existing good name and market profile are not damaged in any way. Time to market is not a critical issue when appropriate testing solutions are identified to mitigate business risks.
A product risk assessment has revealed the following product risk:
* Abnormal application termination due to connection failure of the main interface.
Which of the following is the appropriate test type to address this risk?
- A. Reliability testing
- B. Portability testing
- C. Operability testing
- D. Performance efficiency testing
正解：A
解説：
Reliability testing is the process of checking whether the software consistently performs according to its specifications. For a commercial system with a critical internet-based user interface, ensuring that the application can handle connection failures without abnormal terminations is essential. Reliability testing would include testing the system's ability to recover from failures and continue operating, which directly addresses the risk identified.
質問 # 19
A software company based in Spain that develops mobile applications expects many small updates in the future, e.g., due to changing configurations and customer feedback. The company also wants to focus on being able to change the software effectively and efficiently during initial development without introducing new defects.
Which maintainability sub-characteristic should be covered by the test approach during the initial development?
- A. Analysability
- B. Modifiability
- C. Modularity
- D. Re-usability
正解：B
解説：
In the context of a software company in Spain developing mobile applications with an expectation of many small updates due to changing configurations and customer feedback, focusing on being able to change the software effectively and efficiently during initial development without introducing new defects is crucial.
The maintainability sub-characteristic that should be covered by the test approach during the initial development is Modifiability.
Modifiability refers to the ease with which a software product can be modified to correct faults, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment. In a scenario where frequent and small updates are anticipated, ensuring that the software architecture and design support easy modification is vital.
This not only aids in implementing changes more rapidly but also helps in maintaining the stability and integrity of the application, thereby preventing the introduction of new defects. The focus on modifiability ensures that the software remains responsive to customer feedback and evolving requirements without compromising on quality or performance.
質問 # 20
Within the world of consumer electronics, the amount of embedded software is growing rapidly. The amount of software in high-end television sets has increased by a factor of about eight over the last six years. In addition, the market of consumer electronics has been faced with a 5 -10% price erosion per year. The price of a product is, among a number of other things, determined by the microcontroller used. Therefore, the use of ROM and RAM remains under high pressure in consumer electronic products, leading to severe restrictions on code size.
You are a Technical Test Analyst involved in the review of the architecture of this project.
Which of the following issues would be MOST important to focus on during the review and when verifying the correct implementation?
- A. Transaction concurrency
- B. Connection pooling
- C. Lazy instantiation
- D. Caching
正解：C
解説：
The key context here is the challenge of managing limited resources, particularly ROM and RAM, due to severe restrictions on code size in consumer electronics. Lazy instantiation is a design pattern that defers the creation of an object until the first time it is needed. This approach can significantly reduce the application's memory footprint by avoiding unnecessary pre-allocation of memory, which is particularly valuable in systems where memory resources are constrained. In reviewing the architecture for such a system, it's crucial to ensure that objects are only created when necessary and that memory is optimally managed. Hence, the focus on lazy instantiation would be most important to ensure that the system uses resources efficiently and remains within the restricted code size.
質問 # 21
Consider the code fragment provided below:
The comment frequency of the code fragment is 13%.
To which non-functional quality characteristic does a good level of comment frequency especially contribute?
- A. Portability
- B. Maintainability
- C. Performance Efficiency
- D. Usability
正解：B
解説：
The comment frequency in a code fragment relates to the number of comments in relation to the code size. A good level of comment frequency can significantly contribute to the maintainability of the software.
Maintainability is a non-functional quality characteristic that refers to the ease with which a software system can be modified to correct defects, update features, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment. Comments in the code help developers understand the logic, purpose, and functionality of the code, which is crucial when modifications are required. This does not directly contribute to portability, usability, or performance efficiency, which are concerned with different aspects of the software's operation and user interaction.
質問 # 22
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding tools that support component testing and the build process?
- A. Component testing tools are the basis for a continuous integration environment.
- B. Build automations tools facilitate manual testing at a low level by allowing the change of variables values during test execution.
- C. Component testing tools are typically specific to the programming language and may be used to automate unit testing.
- D. Component testing and build automation tools are only used by developers.
正解：C
解説：
Component testing tools, which are often specific to a programming language, are used to automate unit tests (answer C). These tools help to validate the functionality of individual components or units of code in isolation from the rest of the application. While build automation tools are indeed used by developers and are related to continuous integration (answers A and D), and they can facilitate testing at various levels (answer B), component testing tools' primary purpose is to support the testing of individual components, often through automated unit tests, which can be specific to the language in which the components are written.
質問 # 23
A component has been analysed during a risk-assessment and rated as highly critical. Which of the following white-box test techniques provides the highest level of coverage and could therefore be used to test this component?
- A. Statement testing
- B. Decision testing
- C. Modified condition/decision testing
- D. Multiple condition testing
正解：C
解説：
Modified condition/decision testing (MC/DC) provides a higher level of coverage compared to other white-box testing techniques because it requires each condition in a decision to be shown to independently affect that decision's outcome. It is more rigorous than both decision testing (which only requires each decision's possible outcomes to be tested) and statement testing (which requires only each executable statement to be executed). Therefore, for a highly critical component, MC/DC is more appropriate as it ensures a more thorough assessment of the logic in the software component.
質問 # 24
Subject to testing is a software system (COTS) for Project Administration and Control (PACS). PACS is a multi-project system for controlling the project time, e.g., in terms of scheduling and tracking, and managing the productivity of projects, e.g., in terms of effort and deliverables.
During various interviews with stakeholders the following information was gathered:
* Using PACS is not business critical. There is no impact such as high financial losses or problems to the operational continuity of an organization. Its application is not critical since the software package does not support directly the operational, or the primary, business processes of an organization. It supports (project) management in the project planning and tracking process. Of course, it will be highly annoying for users if the system "goes down" from time to time. Although this does not have a high impact for the business process as a whole, the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) still needs to be at a good level to be successful in the market.
* Users of PACS typically have an academic educational level, but have no prior experience with this particular type of project management software. The system will be used by a large number of users within an organization.
* The system will be used on a regular basis, e.g., several times per day by project managers and several times per week by project employees. This means that the system will not be used very intensively, often only for some data input or an information request. Its usage is not considered to be very time-critical.
* The data is recorded on-line and real-time. The system is expected to run in multiple hardware environments in various network environments. It is also expected that changes in the operational environments will happen in the upcoming period that also need to be supported.
Based on the information provided by the stakeholder, which combination of non-functional quality characteristics should you propose to test as part of your test approach?
- A. Performance efficiency and Portability
- B. Reliability and Performance efficiency
- C. Reliability and Portability
- D. Security and Reliability
正解：C
解説：
Given the stakeholder information provided:
Reliability is important because the system, while not business-critical, still needs a good MTBF to be successful in the market. This is directly mentioned in the stakeholder information.
Portability is essential as the system is expected to run in multiple hardware environments and various network environments, with changes anticipated in the operational environments.
Security is not highlighted as a concern, and performance efficiency, while generally important, is less critical as the system is not used intensively and is not time-critical. Therefore, reliability and portability are the most relevant non-functional quality characteristics to test in this scenario.
質問 # 25
A new web site has been launched for a testing conference. There are a number of links to other related web sites for information purposes. Participants like the new site but complaints are being made that some (not all) of the links to other sites do not work.
Which type of test tool is most appropriate in helping to identify the causes of these failures?
- A. Dynamic analysis tool
- B. Hyperlink tool
- C. Review tool
- D. Static analysis tool
正解：B
解説：
When users complain about issues with links on a website, the most appropriate test tool to identify the causes of these failures is a hyperlink tool (answer B). Hyperlink tools are specifically designed to check the validity of links on web pages. They can automatically identify broken or dead links, which is essential for maintaining the quality and user experience of a website. Review tools, static analysis tools, and dynamic analysis tools do not primarily focus on hyperlink verification.
質問 # 26
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