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質問 # 63
セキュリティ アナリストは、Web サーバーに対して実行された脆弱性スキャンの次の抜粋を確認します。
セキュリティ アナリストは、Web サーバーを強化するために次の推奨事項のうちどれを提供する必要がありますか?
- A. tcp_wrappers を無効にします。
- B. /wp-login.php フォルダを削除します。
- C. http-server-header のバージョン情報を削除します。
- D. ポート 22 を閉じます。
正解：C
解説：
The vulnerability scan shows that the version information is visible in the http-server-header, which can be exploited by attackers to identify vulnerabilities specific to that version. Removing or obfuscating this information can enhance security.
References: CompTIA CySA+ CS0-003 Certification Study Guide, Chapter 4: Vulnerability Management, page 172; CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-003, 3rd Edition, Chapter 5: Vulnerability Management, page 223.
質問 # 64
アナリストは次の脆弱性レポートを評価しています。
次の脆弱性レポートのセクションのうち、悪用が成功した場合のデータ機密性への影響レベルに関する情報を提供するものはどれですか?
- A. 脆弱性
- B. ペイロード
- C. プロフィール
- D. メトリクス
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is B. Metrics.
The Metrics section of the vulnerability report provides information about the level of impact on data confidentiality if a successful exploitation occurs. The Metrics section contains the CVE dictionary entry and the CVSS base score of the vulnerability. CVE stands for Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures and it is a standardized system for identifying and naming vulnerabilities. CVSS stands for Common Vulnerability Scoring System and it is a standardized system for measuring and rating the severity of vulnerabilities.
The CVSS base score is a numerical value between 0 and 10 that reflects the intrinsic characteristics of a vulnerability, such as its exploitability, impact, and scope. The CVSS base score is composed of three metric groups: Base, Temporal, and Environmental. The Base metric group captures the characteristics of a vulnerability that are constant over time and across user environments. The Base metric group consists of six metrics: Attack Vector, Attack Complexity, Privileges Required, User Interaction, Scope, and Impact. The Impact metric measures the effect of a vulnerability on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the affected resources.
In this case, the CVSS base score of the vulnerability is 9.8, which indicates a critical severity level. The Impact metric of the CVSS base score is 6.0, which indicates a high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Therefore, the Metrics section provides information about the level of impact on data confidentiality if a successful exploitation occurs.
The other sections of the vulnerability report do not provide information about the level of impact on data confidentiality if a successful exploitation occurs. The Payloads section contains links to request and response payloads that demonstrate how the vulnerability can be exploited. The Payloads section can help an analyst to understand how the attack works, but it does not provide a quantitative measure of the impact. The Vulnerability section contains information about the type, group, and description of the vulnerability. The Vulnerability section can help an analyst to identify and classify the vulnerability, but it does not provide a numerical value of the impact. The Profile section contains information about the authentication, times viewed, and aggressiveness of the vulnerability. The Profile section can help an analyst to assess the risk and priority of the vulnerability, but it does not provide a specific measure of the impact on data confidentiality.
Reference:
[1] CVE - Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
[2] Common Vulnerability Scoring System SIG
[3] CVSS v3.1 Specification Document
[4] CVSS v3.1 User Guide
[5] How to Read a Vulnerability Report - Security Boulevard
質問 # 65
攻撃者がインフラストラクチャ上で技術を使用してターゲットの情報資産を悪用する方法を評価するための最適なフレームワークは次のどれですか?
- A. オープンソース セキュリティ テスト方法論マニュアル
- B. 構造化された脅威情報の表現
- C. OWASP テストガイド
- D. 侵入解析のダイヤモンドモデル
正解：D
解説：
The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis focuses on understanding the relationships between the adversary, their capabilities, infrastructure, and victim. It provides a structured approach to examining how attackers exploit information assets.
質問 # 66
脅威を特定した後、企業は脆弱性を修復するためにパッチ管理プログラムを導入することを決定しました。会社が実施しているリスク管理原則は次のうちどれですか?
- A. 軽減する
- B. 回避
- C. 転送
- D. 受け入れる
正解：A
解説：
Mitigate is the best term to describe the risk management principle that the company is exercising, as it means to reduce the likelihood or impact of a risk. By implementing a patch management program to remediate vulnerabilities, the company is mitigating the threat of cyberattacks that could exploit those vulnerabilities and compromise the security or functionality of the systems. The other terms are not as accurate as mitigate, as they describe different risk management principles. Transfer means to shift the responsibility or burden of a risk to another party, such as an insurer or a contractor. Accept means to acknowledge the existence of a risk and decide not to take any action to reduce it, usually because the risk is low or the cost of mitigation is too high. Avoid means to eliminate the possibility of a risk by changing the plans or activities that could cause it, such as cancelling a project or discontinuing a service.
質問 # 67
セキュリティで保護されていないネットワーク サービスのセキュリティ監査が実施され、次の出力が生成されました。
セキュリティ チームがさらに調査する必要があるサービスは次のうちどれですか? (2 つ選択してください)。
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
- F. 5
正解：B、E
解説：
The output shows the results of a port scan, which is a technique used to identify open ports and services running on a network host. Port scanning can be used by attackers to discover potential vulnerabilities and exploit them, or by defenders to assess the security posture and configuration of their network devices1 The output lists six ports that are open on the target host, along with the service name and version associated with each port. The service name indicates the type of application or protocol that is using the port, while the version indicates the specific release or update of the service. The service name and version can provide useful information for both attackers and defenders, as they can reveal the capabilities, features, and weaknesses of the service.
Among the six ports listed, two are particularly risky and should be investigated further by the security team:
port 23 and port 636.
Port 23 is used by Telnet, which is an old and insecure protocol for remote login and command execution.
Telnet does not encrypt any data transmitted over the network, including usernames and passwords, which makes it vulnerable to eavesdropping, interception, and modification by attackers. Telnet also has many known vulnerabilities that can allow attackers to gain unauthorized access, execute arbitrary commands, or cause denial-of-service attacks on the target host23 Port 636 is used by LDAP over SSL/TLS (LDAPS), which is a protocol for accessing and modifying directory services over a secure connection. LDAPS encrypts the data exchanged between the client and the server using SSL/TLS certificates, which provide authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. However, LDAPS can also be vulnerable to attacks if the certificates are not properly configured, verified, or updated. For example, attackers can use self-signed or expired certificates to perform man-in-the-middle attacks, spoofing attacks, or certificate revocation attacks on LDAPS connections.
Therefore, the security team should investigate further why port 23 and port 636 are open on the target host, and what services are running on them. The security team should also consider disabling or replacing these services with more secure alternatives, such as SSH for port 23 and StartTLS for port 6362
質問 # 68
インシデント対応チームは法執行機関と協力して、現在進行中の Web サーバー侵害を調査しています。サーバーを稼働し続け、一定期間補償制御を実装することが決定されました。Web サービスは、リバース プロキシ経由でインターネットからアクセスでき、データベース サーバーに接続できる必要があります。次の補償制御のうち、他の要件を満たしながら敵を封じ込めるのに役立つものはどれですか? (2 つ選択してください)。
- A. マイクロ セグメンテーションを使用して、Web サーバーとデータベース サーバーとの間の接続を制限します。
- B. EDR を Web サーバーとデータベース サーバーに展開して、攻撃者の能力を軽減します。
- C. データの漏洩を防ぐために、データベース サーバー上のテーブルを削除します。
- D. Web サーバーの /etc/passwd ファイル内の HTTP アカウントをコメントアウトします。
- E. データベースをデータベースサーバーから Web サーバーに移動します。
- F. 攻撃者が Web エクスプロイトを使用できないように、Web サーバー上の httpd サービスを停止します。
正解：A、B
解説：
Deploying EDR on the web server and the database server to reduce the adversaries capabilities and using micro segmentation to restrict connectivity to/from the web and database servers are two compensating controls that will help contain the adversary while meeting the other requirements. A compensating control is a security measure that is implemented to mitigate the risk of a vulnerability or an attack when the primary control is not feasible or effective. EDR stands for Endpoint Detection and Response, which is a tool that monitors endpoints for malicious activity and provides automated or manual response capabilities. EDR can help contain the adversary by detecting and blocking their actions, such as data exfiltration, lateral movement, privilege escalation, or command execution. Micro segmentation is a technique that divides a network into smaller segments based on policies and rules, and applies granular access controls to each segment. Micro segmentation can help contain the adversary by isolating the web and database servers from other parts of the network, and limiting the traffic that can flow between them. Official References:
https://partners.comptia.org/docs/default-source/resources/comptia-cysa-cs0-002-exam-objectives
https://www.comptia.org/certifications/cybersecurity-analyst
https://www.comptia.org/blog/the-new-comptia-cybersecurity-analyst-your-questions-answered
質問 # 69
組織が侵害され、全従業員のユーザー名とパスワードがオンラインに流出しました。この状況の影響を軽減できる修復策を最もよく説明しているものは次のうちどれですか?
- A. パスワード変更
- B. 多要素認証
- C. システムの強化
- D. パスワード暗号化
正解：B
解説：
Multifactor authentication (MFA) is a security method that requires users to provide two or more pieces of evidence to verify their identity, such as a password, a PIN, a fingerprint, or a one-time code. MFA can reduce the impact of a credential leak because even if the attackers have the usernames and passwords of the employees, they would still need another factor to access the organization's systems and resources. Password changes, system hardening, and password encryption are also good security practices, but they do not address the immediate threat of compromised credentials.
質問 # 70
従業員が会社支給のラップトップを不正に使用した疑いがあります。その従業員は人事部による調査が完了するまで停職処分を受けています。証拠を保存するための最善の手順は次のうちどれですか。
- A. デバイスとユーザーのネットワーク共有に法的保留を設定します。
- B. ユーザーのネットワークアカウントとWebリソースへのアクセスを無効にする
- C. サーバーのバックアップとしてファイルのコピーを作成します。
- D. デバイスのフォレンジック イメージを作成し、SRA-I ハッシュを作成します。
正解：D
解説：
Making a forensic image of the device and creating a SRA-I hash is the best step to preserve evidence, as it creates an exact copy of the device's data and verifies its integrity. A forensic image is a bit-by-bit copy of the device's storage media, which preserves all the information on the device, including deleted or hidden files. A SRA-I hash is a cryptographic value that is calculated from the forensic image, which can be used to prove that the image has not been altered or tampered with. The other options are not as effective as making a forensic image and creating a SRA-I hash, as they may not capture all the relevant data, or they may not provide sufficient verification of the evidence's authenticity. Official References:
* https://www.sans.org/blog/forensics-101-acquiring-an-image-with-ftk-imager/
* https://swailescomputerforensics.com/digital-forensics-imaging-hash-value/
質問 # 71
セキュリティ チームは XSS の Web サーバーを確認し、次の Nmap スキャンを実行します。
スキャンの結果を最も正確に説明しているのは次のうちどれですか?
- A. 試行で使用されたパラメータとしての文字 > および " の出力
- B. XSS 試行が反映された脆弱なパラメータと文字 > および "
- C. 脆弱なパラメータとフィルタリングまたはエンコードされていない文字は、安全でないものとして渡されました。
- D. 脆弱なパラメータ ID hccp://l72.31.15.2/1.php?id-2 とフィルタされていない文字が返されました
正解：B
解説：
A cross-site scripting (XSS) attack is a type of web application attack that injects malicious code into a web page that is then executed by the browser of a victim user. A reflected XSS attack is a type of XSS attack where the malicious code is embedded in a URL or a form parameter that is sent to the web server and then reflected back to the user's browser. In this case, the Nmap scan shows that the web server is vulnerable to a reflected XSS attack, as it returns the characters > and " without any filtering or encoding. The vulnerable parameter is id in the URL http://172.31.15.2/1.php?id=2.
質問 # 72
OWASP Web セキュリティ テスト ガイドに記載されている脅威モデリング手順は次のうちどれですか?
- A. コンプライアンスチェック
- B. 設計によるセキュリティ
- C. アプリケーションを分解する
- D. セキュリティ要件の見直し
正解：C
解説：
The OWASP Web Security Testing Guide (WSTG) includes a section on threat modeling, which is a structured approach to identify, quantify, and address the security risks associated with an application. The first step in the threat modeling process is decomposing the application, which involves creating use cases, identifying entry points, assets, trust levels, and data flow diagrams for the application. This helps to understand the application and how it interacts with external entities, as well as to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities.
質問 # 73
アナリストは、次のエンドポイント ログ エントリを確認します。
次のうちどれが発生しましたか?
- A. コンピュータの名前を変更します
- B. 権限昇格
- C. レジストリの変更
- D. 新しいアカウントが導入されました
正解：D
解説：
The endpoint log entry shows that a new account named "admin" has been created on a Windows system with a local group membership of "Administrators". This indicates that a new account has been introduced on the system with administrative privileges. This could be a sign of malicious activity, such as privilege escalation or backdoor creation, by an attacker who has compromised the system.
質問 # 74
ACME Commercial という会社のセキュリティ アナリストは、https://office365password.acme.co に解決されるホスト IP への送信トラフィックがあることに気付きました。このサイトの標準 VPN ログオン ページは www.acme.com/logon です。次のうち、最も可能性が高いのはどれですか。
- A. 新しい VPN ゲートウェイが展開されました。
- B. これは通常のパスワード変更 URL です。
- C. ソーシャル エンジニアリング攻撃が進行中です。
- D. セキュリティ オペレーション センターは定期的なパスワード監査を実行しています。
正解：C
解説：
A social engineering attack is underway is the most likely explanation for the outbound traffic to a host IP that resolves to https://offce365password.acme.co, while the site's standard VPN logon page is www.acme.com/logon. A social engineering attack is a technique that exploits human psychology and behavior to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging information that benefit the attackers. A common type of social engineering attack is phishing, which involves sending fraudulent emails or other messages that appear to come from a legitimate source, such as a company or a colleague, and lure the recipients into clicking on malicious links or attachments, or entering their credentials or other sensitive information on fake websites. In this case, the attackers may have registered a domain name that looks similar to the company's domain name, but with a typo (offce365 instead of office365), and set up a fake website that mimics the company's VPN logon page. The attackers may have also sent phishing emails to the company's employees, asking them to reset their passwords or log in to their VPN accounts using the malicious link. The security analyst should investigate the source and content of the phishing emails, and alert the employees not to click on any suspicious links or enter their credentials on any untrusted websites.
質問 # 75
あるソフトウェア開発者は、不十分なログ機能を組み込むために、一般的なセキュリティ リスクを伴う Web アプリケーションを展開しています。次のアクションのうちどれが最も効果的ですか?
アプリケーション開発に伴うリスクを軽減するには?
- A. サーバー側のログ記録と自動更新を実装します。
- B. 統合開発環境を使用して静的解析を実行します。
- C. OWASP のベスト プラクティスを使用して定期的にコード レビューを実施します。
- D. 環境に補償コントロールを導入します。
正解：C
解説：
Conducting regular code reviews using OWASP best practices is the most effective action to reduce risks associated with the application development. Code reviews are a systematic examination of the source code of an application to detect and fix errors, vulnerabilities, and weaknesses that may compromise the security, functionality, or performance of the application. Code reviews can help to improve the quality and security of the code, as well as to identify and remediate common security risks, such as insufficient logging capabilities.
OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) is a global nonprofit organization that provides free and open resources, tools, standards, and best practices for web application security. OWASP best practices for logging include following a common logging format and approach, logging relevant security events and data, protecting log data from unauthorized access or modification, and using log analysis and monitoring tools to detect and respond to security incidents. By following OWASP best practices for logging, developers can ensure that their web applications have sufficient and effective logging capabilities that can help to prevent, detect, and mitigate security threats.
References: OWASP Logging Cheat Sheet, OWASP Logging Guide, C9: Implement Security Logging and Monitoring - OWASP Foundation
質問 # 76
ある会社が、複数のシステムをインターネットに公開することを決定しました。これらのシステムは現在、社内でのみ利用可能です。セキュリティ アナリストは、CVSS3.1 の悪用可能性メトリックのサブセットを使用して、システムがインターネットに公開されたときに最も悪用される可能性のある脆弱性を優先順位付けしています。システムと脆弱性を以下に示します。
次のシステムのうち、パッチ適用を優先すべきものはどれですか?
- A. 茶色
- B. ブレイン
- C. サリバン
- D. グレー
正解：B
解説：
The system "blane" with the vulnerability name "snakedoctor" should be prioritized for patching as it has a network attack vector (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), and high availability (A:H). These metrics indicate that it would be relatively easy to exploit this vulnerability over the internet, and the system is highly available. References: According to the CVSS v3.1 Specification Document, the exploitability metrics for CVSS are Attack Vector, Attack Complexity, Privileges Required, User Interaction, and Scope. These metrics measure how the vulnerability is accessed, the complexity of the attack, and the level of interaction and privileges required to exploit the vulnerability. The image shows a table with the values of these metrics for each system and vulnerability. Based on these values, the system "blane" has the highest exploitability score, as it has the most favorable conditions for an attacker. The other systems have either a lower attack vector, higher attack complexity, or lower availability, which make them less exploitable. Therefore, the system
"blane" should be patched first.
質問 # 77
通常のセキュリティ監視アクティビティ中に、次のアクティビティが観察されました。
cd C:\ユーザー\ドキュメント\HR\従業員
takeown/f .*
成功：
観察された潜在的に悪意のあるアクティビティを最もよく説明しているものは次のうちどれですか?
- A. ファイル構成の変更
- B. レジストリの変更または異常
- C. 権限がありません
- D. データの引き出し
正解：C
解説：
The takeown command is used to take ownership of a file or folder that previously was denied access to the current user or group12. The activity observed indicates that someone has taken ownership of all files and folders under the C:\Users\Documents\HR\Employees directory, which may contain sensitive or confidential information. This could be a sign of unauthorized privileges, as the user or group may not have the legitimate right or need to access those files or folders. Taking ownership of files or folders could also enable the user or group to modify or delete them, which could affect the integrity or availability of the data.
質問 # 78
発電所で遠心ポンプを駆動する組み込みソフトウェアに必要な保証を提供するには、次の技術のうちどれが最適ですか?
- A. 静的および動的解析
- B. 形式的手法
- C. コンテナ化
- D. 手動コードレビュー
正解：B
解説：
According to the CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-003, 3rd Edition1, the best technique to provide the necessary assurance for embedded software that drives centrifugal pumps at a power plant is formal methods. Formal methods are a rigorous and mathematical approach to software development and verification, which can ensure the correctness and reliability of critical software systems. Formal methods can be used to specify, design, implement, and verify embedded software using formal languages, logics, and tools1.
Containerization, manual code reviews, and static and dynamic analysis are also useful techniques for software assurance, but they are not as rigorous or comprehensive as formal methods. Containerization is a method of isolating and packaging software applications with their dependencies, which can improve security, portability, and scalability. Manual code reviews are a process of examining the source code of a software program by human reviewers, which can help identify errors, vulnerabilities, and compliance issues. Static and dynamic analysis are techniques of testing and evaluating software without executing it (static) or while executing it (dynamic), which can help detect bugs, defects, and performance issues1.
質問 # 79
最高情報セキュリティ責任者が、CVE データベースで参照されている重大かつ上位 70 の検出結果を持つホストのリストを要求しました。この要求を満たすために必要な評価出力を生成するツールは次のどれですか。
- A. Nessus
- B. Prowler
- C. Nikto
- D. Fuzzer
- E. Wireshark
正解：A
質問 # 80
最高情報セキュリティ責任者 (CISO) は、学んだ教訓と関連する事後報告を通じて、レガシー アプリケーションを使用するスタッフが、悪意のない電子メールとフィッシング メールを区別する方法を十分に理解していないことを突き止めました。この問題を修正するために、CISO がアクション プランに含めるべき項目は次のどれですか。
- A. 意識啓発トレーニングと教育
- B. すべてのシステムで多要素認証
- C. 組織ガバナンス
- D. レガシーアプリケーションの置き換え
正解：A
解説：
Awareness training and education are essential to help staff recognize phishing emails and understand safe email practices, particularly when using legacy applications that might not have the latest security features. Training helps build a culture of security mindfulness, which is critical for preventing social engineering attacks. According to CompTIA Security+ and CySA+ frameworks, user education is a fundamental aspect of organizational defense against phishing. Options like replacing applications or implementing MFA (while helpful) do not directly address the need for user awareness in this scenario.
質問 # 81
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