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質問 # 33
ある企業は、脆弱性管理手順を実装する計画を警告しました。
ただし、セキュリティの成熟度レベルが低いため、リスクの計算と優先順位付けの前に完了する必要がある前提条件がいくつかあります。次のどれを最初に完了する必要がありますか?
- A. システム評価
- B. リスク要因の伝達
- C. リスク識別プロセス
- D. ビジネスインパクト分析
正解：C
質問 # 34
アナリストは、タイムラインで調査する必要があるイベントの数に圧倒されています。
インシデントを前進させるために、アナリストは次のどれに焦点を当てる必要がありますか?
- A. 影響
- B. 平均検出時間
- C. 脆弱性スコア
- D. 分離
正解：A
解説：
The analyst should focus on the impact of the events in order to move the incident forward. Impact is the measure of the potential or actual damage caused by an incident, such as data loss, financial loss, reputational damage, or regulatory penalties. Impact can help the analyst prioritize the events that need to be investigated based on their severity and urgency, and allocate the appropriate resources and actions to contain and remediate them. Impact can also help the analyst communicate the status and progress of the incident to the stakeholders and customers, and justify the decisions and recommendations made during the incident response12. Vulnerability score, mean time to detect, and isolation are all important metrics or actions for incident response, but they are not the main focus for moving the incident forward. Vulnerability score is the rating of the likelihood and severity of a vulnerability being exploited by a threat actor. Mean time to detect is the average time it takes to discover an incident. Isolation is the process of disconnecting an affected system from the network to prevent further damage or spread of the incident34 . References: Incident Response:
Processes, Best Practices & Tools - Atlassian, Incident Response Metrics: What You Should Be Measuring, Vulnerability Scanning Best Practices, How to Track Mean Time to Detect (MTTD) and Mean Time to Respond (MTTR) to Cybersecurity Incidents, [Isolation and Quarantine for Incident Response]
質問 # 35
次のセキュリティ運用タスクのうち、自動化に最適なものはどれですか?
- A. セキュリティ アプリケーション ユーザー エラー:
エラーログを検索して、セキュリティアプリケーションでユーザーが問題を抱えている兆候を探します。ユーザーの電話番号を調べます。アプリケーションの使用に関する質問があれば、ユーザーに電話します。 - B. 疑わしいファイルの分析:
- C. メールヘッダー分析:
メールヘッダーのフィッシング信頼度メトリックが5以上であるかどうかを確認します。送信者のドメインをブロックリストに追加します。メールを検疫に移動します。 - D. ファイアウォール IoC ブロックアクション:
ファイアウォールのログを調べて、最近公開されたゼロデイエクスプロイトの IoC を確認します。ログで見つかった動作をブロックするためにファイアウォールで緩和アクションを実行します。ブロックルールによって発生した誤検知を追跡します。
正解：C
解説：
Email header analysis is one of the security operations tasks that are ideal for automation. Email header analysis involves checking the email header for various indicators of phishing or spamming attempts, such as sender address spoofing, mismatched domains, suspicious subject lines, or phishing confidence metrics. Email header analysis can be automated using tools or scripts that can parse and analyze email headers and take appropriate actions based on predefined rules or thresholds
質問 # 36
セキュリティ チームは、セキュリティ イベント後に誰が次のステップを実行するべきかを決定するのに苦労した後、教訓を学んだ会議を開催します。この問題に対処するためにチームは次のうちどれを作成する必要がありますか?
- A. インシデント対応計画
- B. 変更管理計画
- C. サービスレベル契約
- D. 覚書
正解：A
解説：
An incident response plan (IRP) is a document that defines the roles and responsibilities, procedures, and guidelines for responding to a security incident. It helps the security team to act quickly and effectively, minimizing the impact and cost of the incident. An IRP should specify who should conduct the next steps following a security event, such as containment, eradication, recovery, and analysis12. References: CompTIA CySA+ CS0-003 Certification Study Guide, page 362; 6 Incident Response Steps to Take After a Security Event, section 2.
質問 # 37
アナリストは、次のエンドポイント ログ エントリを確認します。
次のうちどれが発生しましたか?
- A. コンピュータの名前を変更します
- B. 新しいアカウントが導入されました
- C. レジストリの変更
- D. 権限昇格
正解：B
解説：
The endpoint log entry shows that a new account named "admin" has been created on a Windows system with a local group membership of "Administrators". This indicates that a new account has been introduced on the system with administrative privileges. This could be a sign of malicious activity, such as privilege escalation or backdoor creation, by an attacker who has compromised the system.
質問 # 38
さまざまなアプリケーションや内部アプリケーションで異なるパスワードを使用する必要がなくなるのは次のうちどれですか?
- A. MFA
- B. PAM
- C. SSO
- D. CASB
正解：C
解説：
Single Sign-On (SSO) allows users to log in with a single ID and password to access multiple applications. It eliminates the need for different passwords for various internal applications, streamlining the authentication process.
質問 # 39
ある組織のセキュリティ アナリストが Web サーバーからのログを確認していたときのことです。アナリストは、パディングオラクル攻撃の影響を受けやすい暗号操作モードを使用するために HTTPS セッションをダウングレードする試みがいくつか成功していることを発見しました。この問題を修正するには、組織が行うべき構成変更の組み合わせは次のうちどれですか? (2 つ選択してください)。
- A. HSTS を要求するようにサーバーを構成します。
- B. 相互認証のためにクライアント ブラウザにユーザー証明書の提示を要求します。
- C. GCM を使用する暗号スイートを削除します。
- D. CBC を使用する暗号スイートを削除します。
- E. キー交換に一時モードを優先するようにサーバーを構成します。
- F. TLS 1.3 を優先するようにサーバーを構成します。
正解：D、F
解説：
The correct answer is A. Configure the server to prefer TLS 1.3 and B. Remove cipher suites that use CBC.
A padding oracle attack is a type of attack that exploits the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext without knowing the key. A padding oracle is a system that responds to queries about whether a message has a valid padding or not, such as a web server that returns different error messages for invalid padding or invalid MAC. A padding oracle attack can be applied to the CBC mode of operation, where the attacker can manipulate the ciphertext blocks and use the oracle's responses to recover the plaintext12.
To remediate this issue, the organization should make the following configuration changes:
Configure the server to prefer TLS 1.3. TLS 1.3 is the latest version of the Transport Layer Security protocol, which provides secure communication between clients and servers. TLS 1.3 has several security improvements over previous versions, such as:
It deprecates weak and obsolete cryptographic algorithms, such as RC4, MD5, SHA-1, DES,
3DES, and CBC mode.
It supports only strong and modern cryptographic algorithms, such as AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305, and SHA-256/384.
It reduces the number of round trips required for the handshake protocol, which improves performance and latency.
It encrypts more parts of the handshake protocol, which enhances privacy and confidentiality.
It introduces a zero round-trip time (0-RTT) mode, which allows resuming previous sessions without additional round trips.
It supports forward secrecy by default, which means that compromising the long-term keys does not affect the security of past sessions3456.
Remove cipher suites that use CBC. Cipher suites are combinations of cryptographic algorithms that specify how TLS connections are secured. Cipher suites that use CBC mode are vulnerable to padding oracle attacks, as well as other attacks such as BEAST and Lucky 13. Therefore, they should be removed from the server's configuration and replaced with cipher suites that use more secure modes of operation, such as GCM or CCM78.
The other options are not effective or necessary to remediate this issue.
Option C is not effective because configuring the server to prefer ephemeral modes for key exchange does not prevent padding oracle attacks. Ephemeral modes for key exchange are methods that generate temporary and random keys for each session, such as Diffie-Hellman or Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman. Ephemeral modes provide forward secrecy, which means that compromising the long-term keys does not affect the security of past sessions. However, ephemeral modes do not protect against padding oracle attacks, which exploit the padding validation of the ciphertext rather than the key exchange9.
Option D is not necessary because requiring client browsers to present a user certificate for mutual authentication does not prevent padding oracle attacks. Mutual authentication is a process that verifies the identity of both parties in a communication, such as using certificates or passwords. Mutual authentication enhances security by preventing impersonation or spoofing attacks. However, mutual authentication does not protect against padding oracle attacks, which exploit the padding validation of the ciphertext rather than the authentication.
Option E is not necessary because configuring the server to require HSTS does not prevent padding oracle attacks. HSTS stands for HTTP Strict Transport Security and it is a mechanism that forces browsers to use HTTPS connections instead of HTTP connections when communicating with a web server. HSTS enhances security by preventing downgrade or man-in-the-middle attacks that try to intercept or modify HTTP traffic.
However, HSTS does not protect against padding oracle attacks, which exploit the padding validation of HTTPS traffic rather than the protocol.
Option F is not effective because removing cipher suites that use GCM does not prevent padding oracle attacks. GCM stands for Galois/Counter Mode and it is a mode of operation that provides both encryption and authentication for block ciphers, such as AES. GCM is more secure and efficient than CBC mode, as it prevents various types of attacks, such as padding oracle, BEAST, Lucky 13, and IV reuse attacks. Therefore, removing cipher suites that use GCM would reduce security rather than enhance it .
References:
1 Padding oracle attack - Wikipedia
2 flast101/padding-oracle-attack-explained - GitHub
3 A Cryptographic Analysis of the TLS 1.3 Handshake Protocol | Journal of Cryptology
4 Which block cipher mode of operation does TLS 1.3 use? - Cryptography Stack Exchange
5 The Essentials of Using an Ephemeral Key Under TLS 1.3
6 Guidelines for the Selection, Configuration, and Use of ... - NIST
7 CBC decryption vulnerability - .NET | Microsoft Learn
8 The Padding Oracle Attack | Robert Heaton
9 What is Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman? | Cloudflare
[10] What is Mutual TLS? How mTLS Authentication Works | Cloudflare
[11] What is HSTS? HTTP Strict Transport Security Explained | Cloudflare
[12] Galois/Counter Mode - Wikipedia
[13] AES-GCM and its IV/nonce value - Cryptography Stack Exchange
質問 # 40
インシデント管理イベント中に法務チームが負う責任は次のどれですか?
(2つ選択してください)
- A. 保険のためにコンピュータとネットワークの損害評価を実施します。
- B. イベントの結果として取得した新しい契約を確認して承認します。
- C. すべてのシステム セキュリティ デバイスと手順が適切に実施されていることを確認します。
- D. 復旧作業のための追加または臨時の人員を調整します。
- E. すべてのセキュリティ担当者が適切な権限を持っていることを確認します。
- F. 規制報告に関連する事項についてインシデント対応チームに助言します。
正解：B、F
解説：
During an incident, the legal team plays a crucial role in handling regulatory compliance and reviewing legal implications, such as contractual obligations and reporting requirements. Advising on regulatory reporting (Option C) ensures the organization meets legal mandates, while reviewing contracts (Option B) can address new or emergency services needed during the incident. According to CompTIA CySA+ and Security+ guidelines, these legal responsibilities are vital for compliance and risk management. Options related to staffing, damage assessments, and clearances typically fall under operational or HR responsibilities rather than legal purview.
質問 # 41
安全な環境で外部ビジネス ベンダーによって提供されるさまざまなレベルのメンテナンスを定義するために使用される契約について説明しているものは次のうちどれですか?
- A. SLA
- B. バイアス
- C. 覚書
- D. 秘密保持契約
正解：A
解説：
SLA stands for Service Level Agreement, which is a contract that defines the various levels of maintenance to be provided by an external business vendor in a secure environment. An SLA specifies the expectations, responsibilities, and obligations of both parties, such as the scope, quality, availability, and performance of the service, as well as the metrics and methods for measuring and reporting the service level. An SLA also outlines the penalties or remedies for any breach or failure of the service level. An SLA can help ensure that the external business vendor delivers the service in a timely, consistent, and secure manner, and that the customer receives the service that meets their needs and requirements.
質問 # 42
セキュリティ プログラムは、セキュリティ制御を SIEM に統合することにより、MTTR で 30% の改善を達成することができました。アナリストはツール間を行き来する必要がなくなりました。セキュリティ プログラムの動作を最もよく説明しているものは次のうちどれですか?
- A. セキュリティ コントロール プレーン
- B. 脅威フィードの組み合わせ
- C. データの強化
- D. 1 枚のガラス
正解：D
解説：
A single pane of glass is a term that describes a unified view or interface that integrates multiple tools or data sources into one dashboard or console. A single pane of glass can help improve security operations by providing visibility, correlation, analysis, and alerting capabilities across various security controls and systems. A single pane of glass can also help reduce complexity, improve efficiency, and enhance decision making for security analysts. In this case, a security program was able to achieve a 30% improvement in MTTR by integrating security controls into a SIEM, which provides a single pane of glass for security operations.
質問 # 43
ある企業が自動化ソフトウェアを使用してサーバーにパッチを適用しています。サーバーへのリモート SSH または RDP 接続は、自動化ソフトウェアが使用するサービス アカウントからのみ許可されます。すべてのサーバーは内部サブネットにあり、インターネットとの直接アクセスはできません。アナリストは、次の脆弱性の概要を確認します。
アナリストが最初に対処する必要がある脆弱性 ID は次のどれですか?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：D
解説：
The vulnerability with the highest CVSS score and an active exploit is Microsoft CVE-2021-34527 (PrintNightmare). Although only present on two instances, its high severity (8.4) and exploitable nature make it a priority. PrintNightmare is a well-known remote code execution vulnerability, which can be a critical risk.
質問 # 44
会社のデバイスに関連するインシデントのため、インシデント対応者はさらなる調査のために携帯電話を研究室に持ち込む必要があります。携帯電話の輸送中に携帯電話の完全性を維持するには、次のツールのうちどれを使用する必要がありますか? (2 つ選択してください)。
- A. 犯罪現場のテープ
- B. サムドライブ
- C. 不正開封防止シール
- D. ドライブデュプリケータ
- E. 書き込みブロッカー
- F. 信号シールドバッグ
正解：C、F
解説：
A signal-shielded bag and a tamper-evident seal are tools that can be used to maintain the integrity of the mobile phone while it is transported. A signal-shielded bag prevents the phone from receiving or sending any signals that could compromise the data or evidence on the device. A tamper-evident seal ensures that the phone has not been opened or altered during the transportation. References: Mobile device forensics, Section:
Acquisition
質問 # 45
セキュリティ アナリストは最新の脆弱性スキャンをレビューし、同様の CVSSv3 スコアを持つが基本スコア メトリックが異なる脆弱性があることを観察しました。アナリストは次の攻撃ベクトルのうちどれを最初に修正する必要がありますか?
- A. CVSS 3.0/AV:A/AC .L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- B. CVSS 3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S;U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- C. CVSS 3.0/AVP/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/SU/C:H/I:H/A:H
- D. CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
正解：B
解説：
CVSS 3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H is the attack vector that the analyst should remediate first, as it has the highest CVSSv3 score of 8.1. CVSSv3 (Common Vulnerability Scoring System version 3) is a standard framework for rating the severity of vulnerabilities, based on various metrics that reflect the characteristics and impact of the vulnerability. The CVSSv3 score is calculated from three groups of metrics:
Base, Temporal, and Environmental. The Base metrics are mandatory and reflect the intrinsic qualities of the vulnerability, such as how it can be exploited, what privileges are required, and what impact it has on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The Temporal metrics are optional and reflect the current state of the vulnerability, such as whether there is a known exploit, a patch, or a workaround. The Environmental metrics are also optional and reflect the context of the vulnerability in a specific environment, such as how it affects the asset value, security requirements, or mitigating controls. The Base metrics produce a score ranging from 0 to 10, which can then be modified by scoring the Temporal and Environmental metrics. A CVSS score is also represented as a vector string, a compressed textual representation of the values used to derive the score.
The attack vector in question has the following Base metrics:
* Attack Vector (AV): Network (N). This means that the vulnerability can be exploited remotely over a network connection.
* Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L). This means that the attack does not require any special conditions or changes to the configuration of the target system.
* Privileges Required (PR): Low (L). This means that the attacker needs some privileges on the target
* system to exploit the vulnerability, such as user-level access.
* User Interaction (UI): None (N). This means that the attack does not require any user action or involvement to succeed.
* Scope (S): Unchanged (U). This means that the impact of the vulnerability is confined to the same security authority as the vulnerable component, such as an application or an operating system.
* Confidentiality Impact : High (H). This means that the vulnerability results in a total loss of confidentiality, such as unauthorized disclosure of all data on the system.
* Integrity Impact (I): High (H). This means that the vulnerability results in a total loss of integrity, such as unauthorized modification or deletion of all data on the system.
* Availability Impact (A): High (H). This means that the vulnerability results in a total loss of availability, such as denial of service or system crash.
Using these metrics, we can calculate the Base score using this formula:
Base Score = Roundup(Minimum[(Impact + Exploitability), 10])
Where:
Impact = 6.42 x [1 - ((1 - Confidentiality) x (1 - Integrity) x (1 - Availability))] Exploitability = 8.22 x Attack Vector x Attack Complexity x Privileges Required x User Interaction Using this formula, we get:
Impact = 6.42 x [1 - ((1 - 0.56) x (1 - 0.56) x (1 - 0.56))] = 5.9
Exploitability = 8.22 x 0.85 x 0.77 x 0.62 x 0.85 = 2.8
Base Score = Roundup(Minimum[(5.9 + 2.8), 10]) = Roundup(8.7) = 8.8
Therefore, this attack vector has a Base score of 8.8, which is higher than any other option.
The other attack vectors have lower Base scores, as they have different values for some of the Base metrics:
* CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H has a Base score of 6.2, as it has a lower value for Attack Vector (Physical), which means that the vulnerability can only be exploited by having physical access to the target system.
* CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H has a Base score of 7.4, as it has a lower value for Attack Vector (Adjacent Network), which means that the vulnerability can only be exploited by being on the same physical or logical network as the target system.
* CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H has a Base score of 6.8, as it has a lower value for Attack Vector (Local), which means that the vulnerability can only be exploited by having local access to the target system, such as through a terminal or a command shell.
質問 # 46
セキュリティ インシデント発生時に、CSIRT リーダーがいつ誰と連絡を取るべきかを決定する方法について説明しているものはどれですか。
- A. リーダーはインシデント対応ポリシーまたは計画に記載されている内容を確認する必要があります。
- B. チーム内の主題専門家は、指定された専門分野内の他の専門家とコミュニケーションをとる必要があります。
- C. リードはいつでも誰とコミュニケーションを取るかを決める権限を持っています。
- D. CSIRTの管理レベルのメンバーがその決定を下すべきである
正解：A
解説：
The incident response policy or plan is a document that defines the roles and responsibilities, procedures and processes, communication and escalation protocols, and reporting and documentation requirements for handling security incidents. The lead should review what is documented in the incident response policy or plan to determine who should be communicated with and when during a security incident, as well as what information should be shared and how. The incident response policy or plan should also be aligned with the organizational policies and legal obligations regarding incident notification and disclosure.
質問 # 47
セキュリティ アナリストは、修復のために脆弱性の優先順位を付ける任務を負っています。関連する企業のセキュリティ ポリシーを以下に示します。
セキュリティ ポリシー 1006: 脆弱性管理
1. 当社は、セキュリティ脆弱性の修復に優先順位を付けるために、CVSSv3.1 基本スコア メトリック (悪用可能性と影響) を使用するものとします。
2. 機密性と可用性のどちらかを選択しなければならない状況では、当社はシステムとデータの可用性よりもデータの機密性を優先するものとします。
3. 当社は、社内で利用可能なシステムへのパッチ適用よりも、公開されているシステムおよびサービスへのパッチ適用を優先します。
セキュリティ ポリシーによれば、次の脆弱性のうち、最も優先してパッチを適用する必要があるのはどれですか?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：D
解説：
According to the security policy, the company shall use the CVSSv3.1 Base Score Metrics to prioritize the remediation of security vulnerabilities. Option C has the highest CVSSv3.1 Base Score of 9.8, which indicates a critical severity level. The company shall also prioritize confidentiality of data over availability of systems and data, and option C has a high impact on confidentiality (C:H). Finally, the company shall prioritize patching of publicly available systems and services over patching of internally available systems, and option C affects a public-facing web server. Official References: https://www.first.org/cvss/
質問 # 48
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