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質問 # 33
Which of the following must be included in a software defect report to track detection effectiveness?
- A. Who found the defect
- B. Root cause of the defect
- C. Software component containing the defect
- D. The phase the defect was introduced
正解：D
解説：
Purpose of Tracking Defects:The goal is to understand not only where defects are found but also where they originate. This allows for better prevention strategies and process improvements.
Importance of Defect Introduction Phase:Knowing the phase where the defect was introduced helps in pinpointing weak areas in the development process. This can lead to targeted improvements.
Effectiveness in Detection:To effectively track detection efficiency, it is crucial to map defects back to their introduction phase to analyze and optimize earlier phases for defect prevention.
質問 # 34
Which of the following describes when a test plan should be changed?
- A. After changes to the design specifications
- B. After each code review
- C. When the configuration management tool is updated
- D. After product stability has been assessed
正解：A
解説：
A test plan should be changed after changes to the design specifications. This ensures that the tests remain relevant and accurately reflect the new design and functionality of the software. Keeping the test plan updated with design changes helps ensure comprehensive test coverage and alignment with the project's requirements.
質問 # 35
A project team conducts a review of its latest software design The review process is well-defined and is used by all projects within the company. As part of the review process, defect levels are compared against acceptable limits to determine appropriate corrective action. According to the CMMI-DEV Vl_2_. which of the following activities could the company perform to demonstrate characteristics unique to a Maturin' Level 5 organization?
- A. Submit defect data to a team for future defect prevention.
- B. Assess the validity of each defect data measurement independently.
- C. Record defect data and establish the process capability baseline
- D. Collect defect data for each project's specific software process.
正解：A
解説：
A Maturity Level 5 organization, according to the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV) V1.2, is focused on continuous process improvement. Such organizations leverage quantitative data to prevent defects and optimize processes. Submitting defect data to a team dedicated to future defect prevention aligns with this objective, as it emphasizes proactive measures to improve quality and prevent issues from reoccurring.
Collecting defect data and establishing process capability baselines are characteristics of lower maturity levels, while independent assessment of defect data ensures accuracy but does not inherently demonstrate a Level 5 focus on continuous improvement.
References:
* CMMI for Development, Version 1.2, Carnegie Mellon University.
* "CMMI: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement" by Mary Beth Chrissis, Mike Konrad, and Sandy Shrum.
質問 # 36
In agile development, requirements changes are
- A. implemented in the next sprint to enable rapid feature delivery
- B. discussed and incorporated during the daily stand up
- C. added to the product backlog and prioritized by the product owner
- D. reviewed and approved by stakeholders in a configuration control board
正解：C
解説：
In agile development, changes to requirements are a common and expected part of the process. The product backlog, which is a prioritized list of tasks and requirements for the project, is the main tool for managing these changes.
* Requirement Identification: New requirements or changes are identified during various stages of the
* development process, often during interactions with stakeholders or as the team gains a deeper understanding of the project.
* Product Backlog: These new requirements are then added to the product backlog. The product backlog is managed by the product owner, who is responsible for maintaining its order of priority based on the project's goals and stakeholder feedback.
* Prioritization: The product owner prioritizes the backlog items to ensure that the most valuable and important features are addressed first. This prioritization helps in managing scope and delivering value incrementally.
* Sprint Planning: During sprint planning, the team selects items from the top of the product backlog to include in the next sprint, based on their capacity and the priority set by the product owner.
質問 # 37
In the following control diagram, all paths are feasible and the decisions are not correlated to each other.
How many rests are necessary for branch coverage?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：C
解説：
Branch coverage, also known as decision coverage, ensures that every possible branch (i.e., true and false conditions) in the code is executed at least once. To determine the number of tests necessary for branch coverage in the given control flow diagram, we must count the distinct branches resulting from each decision point.
* Decision 1: 2 branches (true and false)
* Decision 2: 2 branches (true and false)
* Decision 3: 2 branches (true and false)
Since each decision has two branches and they are independent of each other, the number of distinct paths that need to be tested is: 2(Decision1)+2(Decision2)+2(Decision3)=6 branches2 (Decision 1) + 2 (Decision 2) + 2 (Decision 3) = 6 \text{ branches}2(Decision1)+2(Decision2)+2(Decision3)=6 branches However, the number of tests needed to cover all branches is the maximum number of branches any path could take, considering that a single test might cover multiple branches. For the given control diagram, 4 tests will suffice to cover all branches:
* Path: A -> Decision 1 (true) -> B
* Path: A -> Decision 1 (false) -> Decision 2 (true) -> C
* Path: A -> Decision 1 (false) -> Decision 2 (false) -> Decision 3 (true) -> D
* Path: A -> Decision 1 (false) -> Decision 2 (false) -> Decision 3 (false) These four tests ensure all branches are covered at least once.
質問 # 38
A software engineer is asked to analyze the relationship between the number of defects found and the complexity of various software applications. Which of the following is the appropriate tool to use for this analysis?
- A. Cause and effect diagram
- B. Control chains
- C. Scatter diagram
- D. Histogram
正解：C
解説：
A scatter diagram is the appropriate tool for analyzing the relationship between the number of defects found and the complexity of various software applications. Scatter diagrams are used to plot pairs of numerical data, with one variable on each axis, to look for a relationship between them. This visual representation helps in identifying patterns or correlations between the two variables, such as whether higher complexity correlates with more defects.
References:
* "The Six Sigma Handbook: A Complete Guide for Green Belts, Black Belts, and Managers at All Levels" by Thomas Pyzdek and Paul Keller
* "Quality Control Handbook" by J.M. Juran
質問 # 39
One of the objectives of a functional test is to demonstrate that the software
- A. is sufficiently free of operational problems
- B. interacts appropriately at the unit level
- C. processes the data in a structured manner
- D. is understood by the user
正解：A
解説：
Functional testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the functionality of a software application by testing it against the specified requirements. The primary goal of functional testing is to ensure that the software works as per the desired specifications and performs its intended functions correctly123.
* Is sufficiently free of operational problems (Option A): One of the main objectives of functional testing is to demonstrate that the software operates correctly and is free of issues that could affect its operation. This includes testing the software to ensure that it is performing its required functions without errors or problems12.
* Is understood by the user (Option B): While user understanding is important, it is not the primary objective of functional testing. User understanding is more related to usability testing, which assesses how easily users can learn and use the product.
* Interacts appropriately at the unit level (Option C): Interaction at the unit level is typically tested during unit testing, which is a subset of functional testing but not its overarching objective. Functional testing looks at the application as a whole rather than individual units2.
* Processes the data in a structured manner (Option D): Although processing data correctly is part of functional testing, the focus is on whether the software performs its intended functions and not specifically on the structure of data processing.
質問 # 40
In order for a risk management plan to be effective., it should be
- A. updated regularly to address new risks
- B. monitored continuously to determine risk frequency
- C. based on maturing goals and sub-goals
- D. reviewed for contributions to the risk database
正解：A
解説：
For a risk management plan to be effective, it should be updated regularly to address new risks. Here's why:
* Dynamic Nature of Projects: Projects are dynamic and subject to changes that can introduce new risks.
* Proactive Risk Management: Regular updates ensure that the risk management plan remains relevant and effective in identifying and mitigating current risks.
* Continuous Monitoring: Enables continuous monitoring and reassessment of risks, ensuring timely
* responses to emerging threats.
* Stakeholder Confidence: Regular updates demonstrate a proactive approach to risk management, building stakeholder confidence in the project's management.
References:
* "Project Risk Management: A Practical Implementation Approach" by Michael M. Bissonette.
* "The Risk Management Handbook: A Practical Guide to Managing the Multiple Dimensions of Risk" by David Hillson.
質問 # 41
Which of the following review meetings are held to examine aggregated performance information?
- A. Program
- B. Management
- C. Post implementation
- D. Retrospectives
正解：B
解説：
Management review meetings are typically held to examine aggregated performance information. These meetings focus on the overall progress, performance metrics, and strategic alignment of projects or programs.
The goal is to ensure that objectives are being met, resources are used effectively, and any issues are addressed at a higher organizational level.
質問 # 42
Which of the following steps is taken first when managing earned value metrics?
- A. Calculating the planned value, earned value, and actual value metrics
- B. Allocating the resource budget to individual tasks in the work breakdown structure
- C. Analyzing the earned value metric compared to the other metrics to date
- D. Determining the critical resources to be tracked
正解：D
解説：
The first step in managing earned value metrics is determining the critical resources to be tracked. This is essential because earned value management (EVM) relies on accurate data regarding resources to measure project performance and progress. Identifying which resources (such as labor, materials, and equipment) are critical ensures that the EVM metrics (planned value, earned value, and actual cost) are based on reliable and relevant data, which in turn supports better decision-making and project control.
References:
* "Earned Value Project Management" by Quentin W. Fleming and Joel M. Koppelman
* "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)" by Project Management Institute (PMI)
質問 # 43
Which of the following activities is part of performing verification and validation on safety-critical features at even' step of the life cycle?
- A. Performing software hazard analysis and determining acceptable levels of safety risks
- B. Documenting software safer.' risk plans that include rigorous development processes
- C. Identifying and mitigating security risks to prevent safety and hazard risks
- D. Providing mechanisms for discovering, correcting, and preventing the recurrence of safety' risks
正解：A
解説：
Performing verification and validation on safety-critical features involves several key activities aimed at ensuring that software functions correctly and safely throughout its lifecycle. One critical activity is performing software hazard analysis and determining acceptable levels of safety risks. This process involves identifying potential hazards that the software could pose and evaluating the risks associated with these hazards. By assessing these risks, teams can establish acceptable safety levels and implement measures to mitigate or eliminate these risks. This activity is fundamental in ensuring that the software meets safety requirements and standards, such as those outlined in safety-critical industry guidelines like ISO 26262 for automotive or DO-178C for aerospace.
質問 # 44
Which of the following roles acts as the final arbitrator for any audit-related issues that cannot be handled at a lower level?
- A. The client
- B. Lead auditor
- C. Auditee management
- D. The auditee
正解：B
質問 # 45
Which of the following techniques will improve the accuracy of data collection the most?
- A. Training staff m the data gathering process
- B. Automating the data evaluation process
- C. Analyzing post-project data
- D. Defining the data gathering time frame
正解：B
解説：
Automation in Data Evaluation: Automating the data evaluation process helps to eliminate human error, ensures consistency, and increases the efficiency of data collection.
Training Staff: While important, training staff can still lead to variability in data collection due to human error and subjective judgment.
Defining Time Frames: Helps in organizing the data collection process but does not inherently improve the accuracy of data.
Post-Project Analysis: Useful for insights but does not directly improve the accuracy of ongoing data collection.
Conclusion: Automation ensures precision, consistency, and objectivity in data collection, making it the most effective technique for improving accuracy. References from software quality engineering practices highlight the benefits of using automated tools for data collection to minimize errors and improve reliability.
質問 # 46
When a software change order is reviewed by the change control board (CCB), it is assigned a status from which of the following sets of classifications?
- A. Escalated, proposed, accepted
- B. Approved, disapproved, deferred
- C. Escalated, rejected, in progress
- D. Accepted, evaluated, m progress
正解：B
解説：
When a software change order is reviewed by the Change Control Board (CCB), it undergoes a formal assessment to determine the impact and feasibility of the change. The CCB typically assigns one of the following statuses:
* Approved: The change is accepted and will be implemented.
* Disapproved: The change is rejected and will not be implemented.
* Deferred: The decision on the change is postponed, often pending further information or consideration.
These classifications help in managing changes systematically, ensuring only feasible and beneficial changes are made to the software system.
References:
* IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering (IEEE Std
828-2012)
* Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK)
質問 # 47
Which of the following capabilities of a configuration management system is involved with constructing a specific build of the software?
- A. Release notes
- B. Version management
- C. Issue tracking
- D. Project repository
正解：B
解説：
Version management, also known as version control, is a capability of a configuration management system that deals with tracking and managing changes to software code. It involves creating and maintaining different versions of the software as it is developed and updated. Constructing a specific build of the software relies on selecting the correct versions of the code and other artifacts that are part of that build. Version management ensures that all the changes are properly recorded, and the appropriate versions can be retrieved for constructing specific builds. This capability is essential for reproducibility and consistency in the software development process.References:
* Sommerville, Ian. "Software Engineering." 10th Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2015.
* IEEE Std 828-2012, IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering.
質問 # 48
A software maintenance release is conducted to deliver new
- A. functionality
- B. defect corrections
- C. features
- D. software products
正解：C
解説：
Outsourcing is a business practice where a company hires an external organization to perform tasks, handle operations, or provide services. One key advantage of outsourcing is that it allows the primary company to focus its resources on its core competencies. By delegating non-core activities to external specialists, the company can concentrate on what it does best, thereby enhancing efficiency, innovation, and competitive advantage in its primary market.
References:
* "The Outsourcing Revolution" by Michael F. Corbett
* IEEE Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), Chapter on Software Engineering Management
質問 # 49
Which of the following disadvantages are associated with the "formal meeting" technique of oral communication?
- A. Loss of non-verbal communication, no permanent record, and time consuming
- B. Loss of non-verbal communication, one way communication, and all topics may not be relevant to all team members
- C. Can degrade into time wasters, can be disruptive, and requires considerable planning and skills to achieve positive impression
- D. Can degrade into time wasters, some people feel uncomfortable offering opinions in public, and difficult for remote team members
正解：D
解説：
Formal meetings, while useful, can have several disadvantages:
* They can degrade into time wasters if not well-managed.
* Some people might feel uncomfortable offering opinions in a public setting, leading to a lack of valuable input.
* It can be challenging for remote team members to participate effectively, especially if the meeting relies heavily on in-person dynamics.
References:
* "Peopleware: Productive Projects and Teams" by Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister
* "The Art of Project Management" by Scott Berkun
質問 # 50
Project management has been complaining that code inspections are taking too much time and are not worth the effort. The software manager has to decide whether the inspection program should be continued or disregarded for the upcoming release. Which of the following factors is critical to the manager s decision?
- A. The cost of not using inspection
- B. The resources currently available for development
- C. The cost of additional testing
- D. The estimated impact of inspection on the schedule
正解：A
解説：
The critical factor for the software manager's decision on whether to continue or disregard the inspection program is the cost of not using inspection. Code inspections are a preventive measure to identify defects early in the development process. The cost of not using inspections can include increased defects in the final product, higher costs for post-release fixes, decreased customer satisfaction, and potentially significant impacts on the company's reputation. While resources, schedule impact, and additional testing costs are important considerations, the long-term cost implications of not identifying defects early can be far more detrimental.References:
* Gilb, Tom, and Dorothy Graham. "Software Inspection." Addison-Wesley, 1993.
* IEEE Std 1028-2008, IEEE Standard for Software Reviews and Audits.
質問 # 51
Concurrently developing software primarily requires more
- A. robust change control
- B. detailed requirement tracking
- C. extensive impact analysis
- D. rigid version control
正解：D
解説：
Concurrently developing software, where multiple developers work on different parts of the codebase simultaneously, requires more rigid version control. This is because:
* Managing Changes:Ensuring that changes made by one developer do not conflict with changes made by another.
* Maintaining History:Keeping a detailed record of modifications to understand the evolution of the codebase and to revert changes if necessary.
Robust version control systems (VCS) like Git facilitate concurrent development by managing branches, merges, and conflict resolution effectively.
References:
* Version Control with Git: Powerful Tools and Techniques for Collaborative Software Development by Jon Loeliger and Matthew McCullough
* Software Configuration Management Patterns: Effective Teamwork, Practical Integration by Stephen P.
Berczuk and Brad Appleton
質問 # 52
The long-term success of a software subcontractor is dependent on which of the following factors?
- A. Productivity levels
- B. Profit margin
- C. Technology trends
- D. Customer satisfaction
正解：D
解説：
The long-term success of a software subcontractor largely depends on customer satisfaction. Satisfied customers are more likely to provide repeat business, positive referrals, and long-term contracts. While profit margin, productivity levels, and technology trends are also important, they are often secondary to maintaining strong, positive relationships with customers.
References:
* "Customer Satisfaction Measurement for ISO 9000: 2000" by Bill Self
* "The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value" by Frederick F.
Reichheld
質問 # 53
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