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質問 # 104
What type of technology- is designed to provide organizational partners with real-time access to information on a business-to-business architecture?
- A. Internet
- B. Encrypted email
- C. Extranet
- D. Embedded system
正解：C
解説：
An extranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols and public telecommunication systems to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. It provides real-time access to information and fosters collaboration between organizations.
References: Turban, E., Volonino, L., & Wood, G. "Information Technology for Management".
質問 # 105
Which of the following metrics is included in earned value management?
- A. The actual delay in project schedule
- B. The actual cost of outstanding work
- C. The budgeted cost of work performed
- D. The actual cost of scheduled work
正解：C
解説：
Earned Value Management (EVM) includes several key metrics, one of which is the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP). Here's a detailed explanation:
* Earned Value (EV): Represents the value of work actually performed in terms of the budget assigned for that work.
* Planned Value (PV): The budgeted cost for the work planned/scheduled.
* Actual Cost (AC): The actual cost incurred for the work performed.
* Performance Measurement: BCWP is crucial for comparing planned work with actual progress and costs, helping in performance measurement and project forecasting.
References:
* "Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling" by Harold Kerzner.
* PMI's "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)".
質問 # 106
After test procedures have been executed and problems have been identified, the next step should be to
- A. begin updating the test cases and perform a retest
- B. implement appropriate changes to the code
- C. develop plans to resolve the issues reported
- D. release the product to the customer
正解：B
解説：
After test procedures have been executed and problems have been identified, the next step should be to implement appropriate changes to the code. This involves fixing the identified defects or issues based on the test results, followed by re-testing to ensure that the changes have resolved the issues without introducing new ones.
References:
* Kaner, C., Falk, J., & Nguyen, H. Q. (1999).Testing Computer Software.
* IEEE Standard for Software and System Test Documentation (IEEE 829-2008).
質問 # 107
The most compelling reason for automating test execution is the need to
- A. stay current with program changes
- B. reduce test staff
- C. run a standard test set often
- D. verify initial product releases
正解：C
解説：
The primary purpose of automating test execution is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing process. Let's examine the options provided:
* Run a standard test set often (Option A): Automated testing is particularly beneficial when there is a need to run a standard set of tests frequently. This could be due to regression testing, where the same tests need to be executed repeatedly to ensure that new changes have not adversely affected existing functionality. Automation allows these tests to be performed quickly and consistently12.
* Reduce test staff (Option B): While automation can reduce the workload on test staff, it is not the most compelling reason for automation. The goal of automation is not to replace human testers but to complement their efforts by handling repetitive and time-consuming tasks1.
* Verify initial product releases (Option C): Initial product releases do require thorough testing, but this is
* not the primary reason for automation. Automation is more about maintaining quality over multiple iterations rather than a one-time verification of a product release.
* Stay current with program changes (Option D): Automated tests help maintain currency with program changes by quickly running through test suites after each change. However, the most compelling reason is the ability to run tests frequently and consistently, which is captured in Option A
質問 # 108
One of the direct benefits of improved software quality is
- A. a reduction in the tools used to evaluate the product
- B. a more disciplined development process
- C. an improved organizational management structure
- D. a reduction in the number of defects
正解：D
解説：
One of the direct benefits of improved software quality is a reduction in the number of defects. High-quality software undergoes thorough testing, rigorous quality assurance processes, and adherence to best practices in development, leading to fewer bugs and issues. This results in more reliable and robust software, reduces the need for costly fixes and rework, and enhances user satisfaction and trust in the product.References:
* Pressman, Roger S. "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach." 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill,
2014.
* IEEE Std 730-2014, IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Processes.
質問 # 109
A function point analysis uses counts of which of the following elements^
- A. External inquiries
- B. Executable lines
- C. Data definitions
- D. Physical lines
正解：A
解説：
Function point analysis is a standardized method used to measure the size and complexity of software based on its functionality. It uses counts of specific elements like external inquiries, which refer to the user-initiated requests for information from the system. These are one of the five major components (the others being external inputs, external outputs, internal logical files, and external interface files) considered in function point analysis.
References:
* "Function Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects" by David Garmus and David Herron
* "Function Point Counting Practices Manual" by IFPUG (International Function Point Users Group)
質問 # 110
A software quality engineer (SQE > is testing software in a system used to monitor critically ill patients and administer dosages of life-sustaining medicines Tests reveal a flaw that could result in an unscheduled shutdown under certain circumstances. Ox er the SQE's verbal and written objections: the director of engineering decides to ship the system. The SQE knows from experience that "whistle-blowers" in the company have lost their jobs The most appropriate next step for the SQE would be to
- A. remain silent
- B. discuss with top management
- C. gam support from workers
- D. inform the customer
正解：B
解説：
In a situation where a software quality engineer (SQE) identifies a critical flaw and the immediate superior decides to proceed despite the risk, the most appropriate next step is to discuss the issue with top management.
This involves:
* Documenting the Issue: Clearly outlining the flaw, its potential impact, and the SQE's objections.
* Escalating the Concern: Bringing the issue to the attention of higher management levels who have the authority to reconsider the decision.
* Focusing on Safety: Emphasizing the critical nature of the flaw, especially in a system used for monitoring critically ill patients.
This step ensures that the concerns are heard at the highest level, potentially preventing a decision that could endanger lives and the company's reputation.
References:
* "Software Quality Assurance: Principles and Practice" by Nina S. Godbole
* IEEE Code of Ethics
質問 # 111
From the auditor's perspective, which of the following actions will result in a successful internal audit?
- A. Completing each item on the checklist
- B. Obtaining management cooperation and support
- C. Recommending corrective action for each deficiency noted
- D. Reporting as many deficiencies as possible
正解：B
解説：
A successful internal audit depends significantly on obtaining management's cooperation and support. This ensures that the audit findings and recommendations are taken seriously and that there is a commitment to implementing necessary changes. Reporting deficiencies, completing checklist items, and recommending corrective actions are important, but without management support, these actions may not lead to effective improvements. References: "The Internal Auditing Handbook" by K.H. Spencer Pickett.
質問 # 112
A project team conducts a review of its latest software design The review process is well-defined and is used by all projects within the company. As part of the review process, defect levels are compared against acceptable limits to determine appropriate corrective action. According to the CMMI-DEV Vl_2_. which of the following activities could the company perform to demonstrate characteristics unique to a Maturin' Level 5 organization?
- A. Record defect data and establish the process capability baseline
- B. Collect defect data for each project's specific software process.
- C. Assess the validity of each defect data measurement independently.
- D. Submit defect data to a team for future defect prevention.
正解：D
解説：
A Maturity Level 5 organization, according to the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV) V1.2, is focused on continuous process improvement. Such organizations leverage quantitative data to prevent defects and optimize processes. Submitting defect data to a team dedicated to future defect prevention aligns with this objective, as it emphasizes proactive measures to improve quality and prevent issues from reoccurring.
Collecting defect data and establishing process capability baselines are characteristics of lower maturity levels, while independent assessment of defect data ensures accuracy but does not inherently demonstrate a Level 5 focus on continuous improvement.
References:
* CMMI for Development, Version 1.2, Carnegie Mellon University.
* "CMMI: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement" by Mary Beth Chrissis, Mike Konrad, and Sandy Shrum.
質問 # 113
When a software change order is reviewed by the change control board (CCB), it is assigned a status from which of the following sets of classifications?
- A. Escalated, rejected, in progress
- B. Accepted, evaluated, m progress
- C. Escalated, proposed, accepted
- D. Approved, disapproved, deferred
正解：D
解説：
When a software change order is reviewed by the Change Control Board (CCB), it undergoes a formal assessment to determine the impact and feasibility of the change. The CCB typically assigns one of the following statuses:
* Approved: The change is accepted and will be implemented.
* Disapproved: The change is rejected and will not be implemented.
* Deferred: The decision on the change is postponed, often pending further information or consideration.
These classifications help in managing changes systematically, ensuring only feasible and beneficial changes are made to the software system.
References:
* IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering (IEEE Std
828-2012)
* Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK)
質問 # 114
Which of the following types of testing is conducted to test the interfaces and interactions between source code modules?
- A. component
- B. system
- C. integration
- D. functional
正解：C
解説：
Integration testing is a type of testing conducted to evaluate the interfaces and interactions between different modules of source code. Here's why integration testing is the correct choice:
* Definition: Integration testing focuses on verifying that the modules or components of an application work together as expected. It checks for data flow between modules and ensures that integrated units function correctly.
* Scope: Unlike system testing (which tests the entire system) or component testing (which tests individual components), integration testing specifically targets the interactions and interfaces between modules.
* Purpose: The goal is to identify issues that arise when combining components, such as incorrect data exchange, communication errors, and interface mismatches.
質問 # 115
Which of the following methods is an example of dynamic analysis?
- A. Quality gates
- B. Mathematical proofs
- C. Peer reviews
- D. Piloting
正解：D
解説：
Dynamic analysis involves testing and evaluation of a program by executing data in real-time. Piloting, in this context, refers to a technique where the system is used in a controlled environment to evaluate its performance and functionality under actual operating conditions. This falls under dynamic analysis because it involves running the software to check for issues, as opposed to static analysis methods which involve code review without execution.
Peer reviews and quality gates are static analysis techniques, where the code is inspected without execution.
Mathematical proofs are formal methods that also fall under static analysis.
References:
* IEEE Standard for Software Verification and Validation (IEEE 1012).
* "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach" by Roger S. Pressman.
質問 # 116
One advantage of using the pair programming development methodology is that
- A. more collaboration occurs with the customer
- B. fewer defects are introduced into the code
- C. more work is devoted to completing the documentation
- D. fewer unplanned features are identified
正解：B
解説：
Pair programming is a practice where two developers work together at one workstation. One writes the code (driver) while the other reviews each line of code as it is written (observer or navigator).
* Defect Reduction:
* Immediate Review: The observer can catch defects as they are introduced.
* Shared Knowledge: Two perspectives reduce the chance of oversight.
* Collaboration: Encourages more thorough and thoughtful coding practices, reducing the number of defects.
* Empirical Evidence: Studies have shown that pair programming can significantly reduce the number of defects compared to solo programming.
質問 # 117
Which of the following examples best represents an effective facilitator?
- A. Allows for discussion to focus on team members
- B. Directs and controls team member activities
- C. Clarifies team member key points
- D. Reinforces communication from active participants
正解：C
解説：
An effective facilitator plays a crucial role in ensuring that team discussions are productive and inclusive.
* Clarification: An effective facilitator clarifies key points made by team members, ensuring that everyone's contributions are understood clearly by the group.
* Encouragement: Facilitators encourage participation from all team members, helping to draw out ideas and perspectives that might otherwise go unheard.
* Neutrality: They maintain a neutral stance, focusing on the process of the discussion rather than contributing their own opinions or directing the outcome.
質問 # 118
In which of the following ways do metadata requirements guarantee everyone is interpreting data consistently?
- A. It ensures that everyone who has access to the data has a consistent under standing of its meaning and use.
- B. It ensures that data is managed, maintained, and used appropriately through its lifecycle by creating traceability
- C. It ensures that quality standards are met by helping organizations better assess potential risks related to data security.
- D. it ensures that the data structure remains consistent by making certain that data are correctly classified and stored.
正解：A
解説：
Metadata requirements help guarantee consistent interpretation of data by providing a standardized definition and context for data elements. This includes descriptions, formats, and usage guidelines that ensure anyone accessing the data understands its meaning and how it should be used. Consistent metadata prevents misinterpretation and ensures that data remains reliable and useful across different users and systems.
質問 # 119
One of the objectives of a functional test is to demonstrate that the software
- A. is understood by the user
- B. processes the data in a structured manner
- C. interacts appropriately at the unit level
- D. is sufficiently free of operational problems
正解：D
解説：
Functional testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the functionality of a software application by testing it against the specified requirements. The primary goal of functional testing is to ensure that the software works as per the desired specifications and performs its intended functions correctly123.
* Is sufficiently free of operational problems (Option A): One of the main objectives of functional testing is to demonstrate that the software operates correctly and is free of issues that could affect its operation. This includes testing the software to ensure that it is performing its required functions without errors or problems12.
* Is understood by the user (Option B): While user understanding is important, it is not the primary objective of functional testing. User understanding is more related to usability testing, which assesses how easily users can learn and use the product.
* Interacts appropriately at the unit level (Option C): Interaction at the unit level is typically tested during unit testing, which is a subset of functional testing but not its overarching objective. Functional testing looks at the application as a whole rather than individual units2.
* Processes the data in a structured manner (Option D): Although processing data correctly is part of functional testing, the focus is on whether the software performs its intended functions and not specifically on the structure of data processing.
質問 # 120
The software configuration management (SCM) planning process includes
- A. monitoring the performance and effectiveness of SCM processes
- B. establishing and documenting SCM policies for the organization
- C. defining the specific SCM roles and responsibilities for the project
- D. identifying; analyzing; and mitigating SCM risks
正解：C
解説：
The software configuration management (SCM) planning process includes defining the specific SCM roles and responsibilities for the project. This involves:
* Role Identification: Identifying all roles related to SCM, such as SCM Manager, SCM Engineer, and Configuration Librarian.
* Responsibility Assignment: Clearly defining the responsibilities associated with each role.
* Documentation: Documenting these roles and responsibilities in the SCM plan to ensure clarity and accountability.
This step is crucial for establishing a clear framework for managing configuration items and changes throughout the project lifecycle.
References:
* "Software Configuration Management Patterns: Effective Teamwork, Practical Integration" by Stephen
P. Berczuk and Brad Appleton
* IEEE Standard for Software Configuration Management Plans (IEEE Std 828)
質問 # 121
Static analysis tools are used to evaluate
- A. documentation and source code
- B. software builds and test cases
- C. test procedures and packaging
- D. requirements and design
正解：A
解説：
Static analysis tools are used to evaluate documentation and source code. These tools analyze the code without executing it, looking for potential errors, coding standard violations, security vulnerabilities, and other issues.
By reviewing the source code and associated documentation, static analysis helps in identifying problems early in the development process, improving code quality and reducing the likelihood of defects in the final product.
References:
* "Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction" by Steve McConnell
* "Static Analysis: Results from the Static Analysis Tool Exposition (SATE) IV" by Paul E. Black,
* Elizabeth Fong, et al.
質問 # 122
Which of the following roles acts as the final arbitrator for any audit-related issues that cannot be handled at a lower level?
- A. Lead auditor
- B. The client
- C. The auditee
- D. Auditee management
正解：A
質問 # 123
Software configuration status accounting is the process of
- A. systematically controlling changes to software items under configuration control
- B. providing objective assurance that the software configuration items being built match their requirements
- C. partitioning the software product into formally identified configuration items
- D. recording and reporting of information needed to effectively manage a software configuration
正解：D
解説：
Software configuration status accounting involves the recording and reporting of information necessary for managing a software configuration. This includes tracking changes to configuration items, maintaining the integrity and traceability of the configuration throughout the software lifecycle, and ensuring that changes are documented and communicated. It is a crucial aspect of Configuration Management. References: IEEE Std
828-2012 - IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering.
質問 # 124
Which of the following sources of information would be most appropriate for a company to use to measure and monitor customer satisfaction?
- A. Market analysis reports that incorporate customer preferences when comparing the features of the company's products with those of its key competitors
- B. Feedback from customers regarding reliability data, especially concerning increases in the mean time to failure in the company's products
- C. Software quality's attributes that have been classified as "critical" by key customers
- D. Comprehensive surveys covering all aspects of the customer experience
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive surveys covering all aspects of the customer experience are the most appropriate source of information for a company to use to measure and monitor customer satisfaction. These surveys provide a holistic view of the customer's interactions with the product and service, covering various dimensions such as product quality, usability, support, and overall satisfaction. By gathering detailed feedback across these areas, companies can identify strengths and areas for improvement, ensuring that customer satisfaction is accurately measured and monitored.References:
* Hill, Nigel, Roche, Greg, and Allen, Rachel."Customer Satisfaction: The Customer Experience Through the Customer's Eyes." Cogent Publishing, 2007.
* ISO 10004:2012, Quality management - Customer satisfaction - Guidelines for monitoring and measuring.
質問 # 125
Ideas and exclusive rights for novel inventions can be protected for a limited time through
- A. copyrights
- B. trademark
- C. license
- D. patents
正解：D
解説：
Definition of Patents:Patents provide legal protection for new inventions, granting the inventor exclusive rights to use and commercialize the invention for a certain period.
Purpose of Patents:They prevent others from making, using, or selling the invention without permission, thus protecting the intellectual property of the inventor.
Other Forms of IP Protection:While copyrights, licenses, and trademarks also protect intellectual property, they do not specifically cover novel inventions in the same way patents do.
質問 # 126
Which of the following libraries is used to archive intermediate baselines?
- A. Dynamic
- B. Backup
- C. Static
- D. Controlled
正解：D
解説：
Controlled libraries, also known as configuration-controlled libraries, are used to store and manage intermediate baselines. These baselines are versions of the software at various points in the development lifecycle. By archiving these baselines in a controlled library, teams can ensure that all changes are tracked, and specific versions can be retrieved when needed for further development, testing, or rollback purposes. This practice is essential in maintaining configuration management and ensuring the integrity and traceability of software versions.
References:
* IEEE Standard 828-2012 for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering.
* "Configuration Management Best Practices: Practical Methods that Work in the Real World" by Bob Aiello and Leslie Sachs.
質問 # 127
Maintenance activities are commonly characterized as
- A. technological
- B. corrective
- C. definitive
- D. predictive
正解：B
解説：
Maintenance activities in software engineering are primarily categorized as corrective. This means that the maintenance is focused on identifying and fixing defects in the software after it has been deployed. Corrective maintenance involves:
* Bug Fixing:Addressing issues reported by users or identified through testing.
* Error Correction:Rectifying faults in the software that cause incorrect or unexpected behavior.
Corrective maintenance ensures that the software remains functional and performs as expected over time.
References:
* IEEE Standard for Software Maintenance
* Software Maintenance: Concepts and Practice by Penny Grubb and Armstrong A. Takang
質問 # 128
Which of the following steps comes first during release planning for waterfall-type projects?
- A. Select the set of requirements that will be included in the release.
- B. Define the scope of the software being developed.
- C. Determine which problems will be corrected in the next release.
- D. Confirm the implemented software meets the specified requirements.
正解：B
解説：
Scope Definition:In the waterfall model, the first step in release planning is to define the scope of the software. This involves understanding what the software is supposed to do, the boundaries of the project, and the major features and functionalities to be included.
Importance of Scope:Defining the scope provides a clear understanding and agreement among stakeholders about what the project will deliver, preventing scope creep and ensuring all parties are aligned.
References:Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) and IEEE standards emphasize the importance of scope definition as an initial phase in project planning.
質問 # 129
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