[2022年02月] 更新されたのはCIPS L4M5問題集PDFオンラインエンジン
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質問 96
Which of the following method should be used in negotiation if both parties want to communicate verbally and non-verbally without having to meet face-to-face?
- A. Teleconferencing
- B. Telephone
- C. In-person meeting
- D. Web conferencing
正解: D
解説:
Explanation
Using webcams in a web conference means you are able to communicate both verbally and non verbally.
Over the phone, you cannot see TOP, the only cue/signal you have regarding their mood, interest and attitude is person's voice, intonation andany delay.
A teleconference is a telephone meeting among two or more participants involving technology more sophisticated than a simple two-way phone connection.
In-person meeting requires you team and TOP to be in the same place at the same time.
LO 2, AC 2.4
質問 97
A supplier's mark-up on all products is 25%. Supplier's profit margin is...?
- A. 15%
- B. 30%
- C. 75%
- D. 20%
正解: D
解説:
Explanation
Table Description automatically generated with medium confidence
Text Description automatically generated with low confidence
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 98
A procurement manager is preparing fora negotiation with an important supplier. He plans to withhold some crucial information so that his company gains the upper hand in the negotiation. Is this correct when considering using integrative approach to the negotiation?
- A. Yes, the buying organisation must maximise its gain, even at the detriment of the other party
- B. No,holding back information will prompt the supplier gain higher negotiation power
- C. No, this approach requires honest and open discussion
- D. Yes, the supplier must know what buyer wants and how to provide that even when the buyer is silent on these matters
正解: C
解説:
Integrative negotiation is a negotiation strategy in which the involved parties work together to find a solution that satisfies the needs and concernsof each. This process often involves group brainstorming and creative thinking for individuals to suggest different ideas that benefit both parties.
Compromising is often common in integrative negotiation, and both sides may need to give up certain needs to reach a solution. Honesty can also promote successful integrative negotiation because it can lead to a comprehensive understanding of the issue and what each party needs to be satisfied with the result.
質問 99
Which of the following are most likely to help buyer become preferred customer in supplier's perspective?
Select TWO that apply.
- A. Reduction in delivery errors
- B. Ensuring an increased number of repeat orders
- C. Onerous supplier terms and conditions
- D. Compliance with agreed repair lead time
- E. Shorter payment period
正解: B,E
解説:
Explanation
Becoming a preferred customer to supplier's perspective can increase the purchaser's leverage in negotiation.
Beside the size of buying organisation or its spend, the following may be sufficient to differentiate the buyer from other buying organisations:
- Simple procurement processes
- Simple contracting processes
- Clear and concise documentation
- Absence of onerous supplier terms and conditions (onerous supplier terms and conditions mean that obligations imposed on suppliers are greater than their gains)
- On-time payment: The reduction in hassle for both supplier and the buyer, if bills are paid on time, is significant. From the customer's perspective it could also be the opener to agreeing preferential payment terms. A supplier may weigh up that payment on time at 60 days is worth taking, over the current 30-day terms that slip to 90 days and beyond.
-Transparent processes
- Ethical behavior
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 100
In a commercial negotiation, a procurement professional negotiates on his company's behalf. The power of buying organisation is the only factor that influences the behaviours of the other party. Is this assumption true?
- A. No, because power of supplier is the only factor that influences the other party
- B. Yes, because buyer's brand, reputation and purchasing spend largely determine the outcomes
- C. No, because personal power of negotiators also attributes tothe outcomes
- D. Yes, because the outcomes of negotiation are attributable to the buying organisation
正解: C
解説:
The assumption is false, because when aprocurement professional negotiates on behalf of his employer, he brings the power of his organisation (its brand, reputation and purchasing spend) as well his own personal power (that which is embedded within him) to the negotiation.
From a negotiation perspective, both organisational and personal power have the ability to influence the behaviours of other or the cause of event. This power is clearly core to negotiation, and of enormous important in seeking to achieve the objectives.
質問 101
Representatives from South African Department of Health is negotiating the price of hospital drugs with US pharmaceutical companies. Which of the following are most likely to be macro factors that influence the outcomes of the negotiation? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Regulations on health and safety
Switching costs of buyer - B. Order quantity
- C. Digitalisation of medicine
- D. Forward integration
正解: A,C
解説:
Explanation
All one-to-one commercial negotiations between a specific purchaser and a specific supplier take place within an industrial market and a larger business environment characterised by multiple forceswhich both parties typically have little control over. STEEPLE framework highlights the 6 main external influences on a business:
Table Description automatically generated
Particularly, pharmaceutical industry is a heavily regulated sector, therefore, legal and regulatory matters in theindustry is highly important. Otherwise, technological trends also permeate into pharmaceutical companies, technologies like digitalisation may transform the balance of power in such negotiation.
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 102
Which of the following should be done by the procurement team at the closing stage of a negotiation? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Gloat publicly about the deal
- B. Accept ambiguity or uncertainty
- C. Leave the meeting as soon as possible
- D. Seek agreement in principle if TOP does not have the final authority
- E. Tell TOP that they could have got a better deal
正解: C,D
解説:
Explanation
The agreement and closingphase is the phase when it is either clear through explicit language, or strongly suggested through non-verbal signals, that TOP is ready to move to agreement. Judging when to close can be difficult and as with phases of the negotiation, experience, observation, practice and reflection will be the best ways to learn here.
In the closing phase, procurement should:
- Watch for closing/buying signals
- Check to ensure all issues have been resolved
- Consider using visual aids to summarise
- Use 'summary close'
- Make a decision to conclude/close
- Seek agreement in principle if TOP does not have the final authority
- Make your own private notes on the final agreement
- Shake hands on the agreement
- Leave the meeting as soon as possible thereafter.
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 103
Which of the following are most likely to be fixed costs of an airline? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Advertising and promotion
- B. Fuel
- C. Flightcrew training
- D. Purchase of aircraft
- E. Catering services
正解: C,D
解説:
Explanation
Fixed costs (FC) are costs that do not vary with volume. To an airline once aircraft are purchased, flight crews trained and departures scheduled, costs are disproportionately fixed.
Variable costs (VC) arethose which vary with the amount produced. Fuel, catering services and marketing are examples of variable.
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 104
Win-lose approach is most likely to be associated with which of the following type of relationship?
- A. Outsourcing
- B. Partnership
- C. Adversarial
- D. Strategic alliance
正解: C
解説:
Distributive approach to negotiation used when the interested parties are attempting to divide something up or distribute something of value, also known as zero-sum approach or win-lose. Win-lose approach is useful when the relationship with the other party (TOP) is short-term and once-off.
The question mentions 4 types of relationship:
Adversarial: Both seek to maximize position at the expense of the other. Almost no trust, communication and cooperation. These suppliers will probably provide non-core products or services with the buyer purchasing them on a one-off basis.
Outsourcing relationship: Use competent suppliers to manage non-core businesses previously done in-house.
Require high level of trust and collaboration
Partnership: Both work closely on long term development by sharing information, technology and ideas.High level of trust with the aim to benefit both parties (win-win) Strategic alliance: Both parties identify areas where they could collaborate to create mutual benefits Among these 4 types ofrelationship, only adversarial is once-off. Then it is the correct answer.
質問 105
Sally is negotiating with an oversea supplier on the price and payment period. Her company and the supplying organisation are equal in bargaining power.The supplier says that they are investing in new facilities and machinery so the payment period should not be longer than 30 days. Sally knows that her company often pays the suppliers after 45 days from the delivery, but at the moment the company has positive cash flow and it is able to pay immediately. Which of the following should be Sally's concession plan?
- A. Contend on the normal payment period
- B. Shorten payment period but ask for a discount
- C. Agree with supplier's payment period without anyfurther demand
- D. Demand for a discount without any other concessions
正解: B
解説:
Explanation
In the scenario, the length of payment period is particularly important to the supplier as they are investing new facilities. Otherwise, the buyer's company has apositive cash flow position and budget is available for a shorter payment terms. So this tradeable (payment period) is important to supplier but it is not a significant problem with the buyer. This tradeable will fall within 'Easy concession to trade' quadrant in the following matrix:
Table Description automatically generated
If the tradeable fall within this quadrant, Sally should shorten the payment period in supplier's favour and try to win as many concessions as possible in return. Asking for a discount may be a reasonable trade-off.
LO 2,AC 2.3
質問 106
Which of the following is most likely a consequence of falling interest rate?
- A. Decreaseconsumption
- B. Decrease investment
- C. Increase savings
- D. Increase aggregate demand
正解: D
解説:
If interest rate are too low and credit is too, cheap rates can fund a spending boom with consumers and businesses buying (investment) more than they can afford to pay back.
質問 107
Collaborative approach in negotiation not only can fully satisfies the concerns of both, but also ensure that neither party will seek to be opportunistic in later time during the life of the contract. Is this statement true?
- A. Yes, because both parties have well understood each other's goals when they engage in collaborative negotiation
- B. No, because any party may leverage its own advantage during the contract
- C. No, because the parties will always find a compromise solution in integrative approach
- D. Yes, because all parties must have exactly the same goals in integrative negotiation
正解: B
解説:
Integrative, interest-based negotiation can facilitate constructive, positive relationship and establish contracts between parties on a foundation of goodwill. It is important to note it can only facilitate these positive outcomes, it does not guarantee that the other party will not seek to be opportunistic at a later time during the life of the contract. Previous knowledge of the behaviours of the other party regarding honouring contractual and other commitments will be useful here in predicting long-term outcomes, not ensuring that they will not leverage their advantages.
質問 108
Katie is preparing a negotiation with a strategic supplier. Through deep market analysis, she realises that her company and the supplier have equal bargaining power. Via regular communication, Katie knows that both parties are arguing on amount of liquidated damages and neither party shall concede all of their requirements but some are negotiable. Katie and her counterpart from supplying company still desire a long-term relationship and hope that the meeting between them will be a solution for current situation. Which of the following isthe most appropriate approach that Katie should adopt to achieve the above outcome?
- A. Accommodating approach
- B. Compromising approach
- C. Competing approach
- D. Avoiding approach
正解: B
解説:
Explanation
Competing is assertive anduncooperative, a power-oriented mode. When competing, an individual pursues his or her own concerns at the other person's expense, using whatever power seems appropriate to win his or her position. Competing might mean standing up for your rights, defending a position you believe is correct, or simply trying to win. Competing will not allow long-term relationship to flourish.
Compromising is intermediate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness. When compromising, the objective is to find an expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties. Compromising falls on a middle ground between competing and accommodating, giving up more than competing but less than accommodating. Likewise, it addresses an issue more directly than avoiding but doesn't explore it in as much depth as collaborating. Compromising might mean splitting the difference, exchanging concessions, or seeking a quick middle-ground position. It is a valid approach when long-term relationships are at stake and it is important to find some common ground on which to base an agreement. Both sides get something but not everything. Therefore, this is the most appropriate for this scenario.
Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. When avoiding, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict. Avoiding might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation. In the scenario, both parties want to take the opportunity, then avoiding is not an appropriate solution.
Accommodating is unassertive and cooperative-the opposite of competing. When accommodating, an individual neglects his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element of self-sacrifice in this mode. Accommodating might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another person's order when you would prefer not to, or yielding to another'spoint of view. In the scenario, neither party shall concede all of their requirements, it is unnecessary to adopt this approach.
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 109
In which of the following costing methods, overhead costs are applied in proportion to production volume?
- A. Absorption costing
- B. Mark-up costing
- C. Marginal costing
- D. Activity-based costing
正解: A
解説:
There are 3 major costing methods:
Marginal costing
* Uses marginal cost of producing addition units
* Uses variable cost to derived a unit cost (does not include fixed cost)
* Fixed cost treated as a 'period cost' and deducted, as a total amount, from total contribution to profit for the period, in the firm's profit and loss account Absorption costing
* Calculates total cost of producing product
* In addition to variable cost, a fair proportion of fixed cost is allocated to (absorbed) eachunit of output, as a fixed cost per unit Activity based costing
* Similar to absorption costing but with fixed cost allocated to products on the basis of the cost of activities used in producing them LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 110
In which of the following persuasion methods, the influencer uses logics and objective reasons to persuade the others to buy intoinfluencer's ideas?
- A. Collaborative (pull)
- B. Directive (push)
- C. Visionary (pull)
- D. Persuasive reasoning (push)
正解: D
解説:
There are two major persuasion methods: 'push' and 'pull'.
Persuasion can be defined as encouraging someone to do something that you want them to do for you.
Persuasion is reasoning with someone so that they will believe or do something they might not otherwise do.
Persuasion can be considered as 'pushing' on TOP so that they can accept the change in attitude or behaviour as a result of your actions.
Influence is the ability to affect the manner of thinking of another. Influence can be considered as pulling on TOP so that you achieve the same result, but TOP feels they have changed their attitude or behaviour as a resultof their reflection and thinking, and not your direct actions.
There are multiple variables to consider when choosing between 'push' and 'pull'. Professor Fiona Dent of Ashridge Business School proposes situations when each style might be most appropriate, breaking down push into 'directive' and 'reasoning' and 'pull' into 'collaborative' and 'visionary':
Table Description automatically generated
Text Description automatically generated
Using logical and objective reasons is one of the typical characteristics of persuasion reasoning method.
質問 111
A negotiation is coming to the end. Both parties haven't had any official commitments. Right before leaving the room, the buyer strongly disagrees with supplier's set up prices and requests a discount. The supplier doesn't reply but nods and smiles. Can the buyer consider these actions as an acceptance?
- A. Yes, because negotiator should rely on non-verbal communications only
- B. No, because nodding and smiling are not clear signs of neither acceptance nor rejection
- C. No, because nodding and smiling are etiquette of polite rejection
- D. Yes, because smiling shows supplier's readiness in signing the deal off
正解: B
解説:
Good negotiators are attuned to all stimuli and not just the verbal and written information exchanged. Tone of voice, body language, facial expressions and other clues from TOP are noticed, and with experience and knowledge, interpreted correctly. This interpretation may also involve knowledge of culture norms and values.
A smile, a 'yes' and the type of hospitality received, (in thebusiness context), can mean very different things in different international business cultures.
Trained negotiators will consider non-verbal communication (such as nodding and smiling) and body language as one source of signal from TOP, but will rarely rely wholly on this as a guide to what TOP is thinking or feeling. Furthermore, international and regional cultural considerations must be included here to avoid errors in interpretation. Emotional intelligence also has an important role in forming a more holistic perspective of what TOP may be thinking or feeling.
質問 112
'What specific tests do you carry out to ensure quality is achieved?' This is an example of which type of negotiation question?
- A. Leading
- B. Closed
- C. Reflective
- D. Probing
正解: D
解説:
Explanation
The question requires more detailed answer, it is an example of probing question.
Probing questions are typically follow-up questions, and aim to elicit more detailed information on the back of the answer elicited from theopen questions. Probing question are also useful to check that the supplier fully understand their offering, as well as your needs, can also be used to communicate to the suppliers that you know this category well.
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 113
After studying Thomas-Kilmann conflict resolution model and considering different approaches carefully, the procurement team of XYZ Ltd. decides to adopt an avoiding approach to the upcoming negotiation with one of their suppliers.Which of the following will be the objective of XYZ procurement team in this negotiation?
- A. Seeking a quick middle-ground position
- B. Postponing the issue
- C. Confronting and trying to find a creative solution immediately
- D. Yielding the supplier's point of view
正解: B
解説:
Explanation
Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. When avoiding, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict. Avoiding might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation.
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 114
Which of thefollowing is the purpose of using stakeholder support level scale?
- A. To identify key stakeholders
- B. To identify stakeholder level of influence and interest and plot them on stakeholder map
- C. To identify stakeholder's needs and expectations
- D. To estimate the gap and the progress towards desired levels of support
正解: D
解説:
Explanation
In order to estimate the gap and the progress towards desired level of support, a stakeholder support scale can be used by the procurement internally. The support level scale measures stakeholder commitment. Current support level for the procurement/negotiation objectives should be gained from engagement with key stakeholders. The following is an example of stakeholder support level scale:
Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 115
Which of the following is the internal factor that is taken intoprice of a product?
- A. Customer tastes
- B. Exchange rate
- C. Elasticity
- D. Risk management
正解: D
解説:
Explanation
In order to answer this question, you should better consider each option:
'Exchange rate' is the value of one nation's currency versus thecurrency of another nation or economic zone.
This is a macroeconomic factor.
'Elasticity' refers to the degree to which individuals, consumers or producers change their demand or the amount supplied in response to price or income changes. This is a microeconomic factor Consumer tastes refer to the products and services that consumers consciously choose over others. Consumer tastes are so powerful that they can change how businesses conduct their activity. Like elasticity, this is also a microeconomic factor.
Among 4 options, only risk management is the internal factor. Risk pricing is a strategy applied by many companies in the world. To learn how to price the risk, you can read an article from McKinsey:
https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/how-to-price-risk-to-win-and-pr This is a question that a student met in her actual exam. The knowledge section is unknown.
LO: Unknown, AC: Unknown
質問 116
An experienced procurement professional is developing strategies for forthcoming negotiations with her key supplier. To avoid negotiation deadlocks, she identifies the reasons whynegotiations could fail. Which of the following are most likely to be reasons for negotiation failures? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Unachievable objectives were set up
- B. Both parties focus on common interests
- C. Buyer helps to create a co-operative atmosphere
- D. MIL objectives are well established
- E. Underlying interests of TOP are overlooked
正解: A,E
解説:
It has been said that most negotiations are won (or lost) at the preparation stage. Success in a negotiation cannot be claimed unless you can refer back to your objectives and show how you have achieve them. In broad terms, negotiation plans/strategies involve 4 key activities:
1. Developing and prioritising your objectives and limits
2. Seeking to understand TOP's objectives
3. Developing concession plans
4. Planning the resources and logistics required and agreeing team roles.
Questions to gain an understanding of why a negotiation failed
Did we collect and make effective use of all information available when preparing for the negotiation?
Did we set objectives for the negotiation that were stretching and achievable and established MIL objectives?
Did we determine a strategy for the negotiation?
Did the other party understand our needs correctly?
Were we aware of the underlying interests of the other party?
Were our proposals convincing enough for acceptance by the other party?
Did we explore different variables in the negotiation?
Did we fully understand all proposals?
Did we give any unplanned concessions and did we check the importance of these?
Did we focus on common interests?
Did we ask a range of questions?
Did we get answers to all our questions?
Could we answer all the questions addressed to us in a proper and positive way?
Did we summarise effectively?
Did we use different methods of persuasion in the negotiations?
Which tactics did we use and what effect did they have?
Did our negotiating team work well as a team?
Did we help to create a co-operative atmosphere
質問 117
Which of the following are most likely to turn buying organisation into an unattractive customer in supplier's perspective? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Reduced paperwork in procurement processes
- B. Adopting clear and concise CSR policies
- C. Using SRM technology
- D. Unclear tender award criteria
- E. Demands for kickback
正解: D,E
解説:
Becoming a preferred customerto supplier's perspective can increase the purchaser's leverage in negotiation.
Beside the size of buying organisation or its spend, the following may be sufficient to differentiate the buyer from other buying organisations:
Simple procurement processes: Using SRM technology may help to simplify the process Simple contracting processes Clear and concise documentation: Reduced paperwork helps both supplier and buyer save their time and resources.
Absence of onerous supplier terms and conditions
On-time payment
Transparent processes: Unclear tender award criteria can be seen as opaque. Suppliers who attended the tendering processes cannot know the reasons why their bids are rejected and hesitate to attend other tendering.
Ethical behaviour: Suppliers may prefer a buyer who adopts CSR policy because they can predict potential customer's behaviour. Demands for kickback are unethical behaviours.
質問 118
Which of thefollowing should be the final step of a negotiation process if both parties cannot reach an agreement?
- A. Celebrating publicly about the deal
- B. Tempting TOP to reopen the negotiation
- C. Asking TOP for another concession
- D. Reflecting on performance
正解: D
解説:
Explanation
Reflecting on performance should become a natural final step in the negotiation process.
'Celebrating publicly about the deal': Public gloating, even in success or failure, if it gets back to the supplier via the press or social media, will likely damage the relationship
'Tempting TOP to reopen the negotiation': whether TOP agrees to reopen the negotiation, procurement should reflect on their achievement and what can be improved.
'Asking TOP for another concession': TOP can agree or rejectthis concession. Eventually, reflecting should be the final step. Procurement can learn a lot from reflection on performance.
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 119
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