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質問 # 68
Who must have the skills necessary to implement the strategic planning initiative?
- A. Change agents
- B. Board of directors
- C. Stakeholders
- D. Customers
正解：A
解説：
Change agentsare individuals equipped with the skills to drive and facilitate the adoption of new strategies.
They manage resistance, communicate vision, and align organizational processes with strategic goals. The IASP SPP curriculum underscores the importance of skilled change agents who serve as catalysts bridging strategic planning and execution, actively guiding teams through transitions. While customers, board members, and stakeholders play important roles, the tactical and operational responsibility for implementation rests with change agents who possess expertise in managing organizational change.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Change Management##Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 69
Which of the following best describes core competencies?
- A. Are easily identified and explained
- B. Are derived from core principles
- C. Can lead to competitive advantage
- D. Rarely change over time
正解：C
解説：
Core competencies areunique organizational capabilities that can create and sustain competitive advantageby enabling differentiation and value creation. The IASP SPP curriculum highlights their strategic importance for positioning and growth. While core competencies may evolve, they are not always easy to identify or derive solely from principles, requiring deep analysis.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Core Competencies##Prahalad & Hamel, The Core Competence of the Corporation#
質問 # 70
Which of the following BEST represent the macro level factors to include in an environmental scan?
- A. Regulatory, customer, competitive, labor, and supplier trends
- B. Geopolitical, sociocultural, economic, technology, environmental, and industry trends
- C. Industry life cycle, demographics, changing profile of current customers, international trends, and events pertaining to the industry
- D. Patterns of competition, technology, usage/consumption/service buying patterns, and barriers to exit
正解：B
解説：
Macro-level environmental scanning focuses on broad external forces, includinggeopolitical, sociocultural, economic, technological, environmental, and industry trends(PESTEL analysis). These factors shape the context within which organizations operate, influencing opportunities and risks. The IASP SPP curriculum stresses that understanding these macro factors enables proactive strategy formulation and risk mitigation.
Other options describe micro or industry-specific factors, which are important but secondary to the overarching macro environment.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Environmental Scanning##Aguilar, Scanning the Business Environment#
質問 # 71
Which of the following are the key considerations when determining which performance measure to apply to a strategic objective?
- A. Is easy to track, reports on outcomes soon after the fact, and is accepted by industry leaders
- B. Compares performance against competitors, communicates a positive message to shareholders, is tracked without creating new processes, and is predictive
- C. Is valid and verifiable and helps to balance a mix of both leading and lagging performance indicators
- D. Is linked to financial performance, is requested by the board of directors, gives insight as to what customers are thinking, and is predictive
正解：C
解説：
Key performance measures should bevalid, verifiable, and balanced between leading (predictive) and lagging (outcome) indicators. Validity ensures measures accurately represent performance, while verification ensures reliable data. Balancing indicator types allows organizations to anticipate issues early and assess results after the fact. The IASP SPP curriculum stresses this balance as critical for effective performance management and strategic responsiveness. While ease of tracking and stakeholder acceptance are important, validity and balance are fundamental.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Performance Metrics##Kaplan & Norton, Balanced Scorecard#
質問 # 72
To improve the likelihood that a plan will be followed, it must be
- A. interesting and engaging.
- B. intelligent and worthwhile.
- C. comprehensive and far-reaching.
- D. clear and executable.
正解：D
解説：
A strategic plan's success depends on it beingclear and executable, meaning that objectives and actions are understandable and practically achievable. The IASP SPP curriculum stresses that clarity ensures alignment and focus, while executability ensures feasibility and drives implementation. Intelligence or interest alone does not guarantee adoption, nor does complexity ensure effectiveness.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Effective Planning##Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 73
Which of the following stages comprise the PDCA cycle?
- A. Propose, describe, consult, approve
- B. Prepare, design, change, assess
- C. Plan, do, check, act
- D. Plan, deliver, collaborate, apply
正解：C
解説：
ThePDCA cycle- Plan, Do, Check, Act - is a foundational continuous improvement process originally developed by Deming. It guides strategic planning and quality management efforts by providing a systematic approach to planning initiatives (Plan), executing them (Do), monitoring and evaluating outcomes (Check), and making necessary adjustments (Act). This cyclical method ensures that strategic plans are not static but evolve through ongoing feedback and improvement. The IASP SPP emphasizes the PDCA cycle's utility for strategic plan implementation and performance management, ensuring plans remain relevant and effective.
#IASP SPP Study Guide - Continuous Improvement##Deming, W.E. Out of the Crisis, 1986#
質問 # 74
Of the many analytical techniques available, which of the following is recommended by Rollinson and Young inStrategy in the 21st Centuryfor analyzing Opportunities, Threats, Strengths and Weaknesses (OTSW) in part because it offers anonymity to participants?
- A. The Delphi Approach
- B. Storming and Forming
- C. Nominal Group Technique
- D. Balanced Scorecard
正解：A
解説：
TheDelphi Approachis a structured communication technique that solicits expert opinions anonymously through iterative rounds, allowing participants to revise their views based on group feedback without peer pressure or dominance. This anonymity improves the quality of input on complex issues such as SWOT (or OTSW) analysis. Rollinson and Young recommend this approach for strategic analysis because it fosters honest, unbiased insights, which are crucial for identifying genuine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The IASP SPP recognizes Delphi as a valuable tool for stakeholder engagement and environmental analysis.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Strategic Analysis Tools##Rollinson & Young, Strategy in the 21st Century#
質問 # 75
Which of the following is a symptom of organizational resistance?
- A. Higher productivity
- B. Teamwork
- C. Decreased absenteeism
- D. Poor communication
正解：D
解説：
Organizational resistance to change often manifests throughpoor communication, where information flow is limited, unclear, or obstructed. This symptom indicates disengagement, misinformation, or fear, which hinders change initiatives. The IASP SPP curriculum highlights that recognizing and addressing communication breakdowns is crucial for overcoming resistance and fostering collaboration. Positive indicators like teamwork or productivity suggest acceptance rather than resistance.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Change Management##Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 76
Which of the following practices is aligned with the company's purpose, mission, and strategies?
- A. Clear out year-end inventories by expanding into factory outlets
- B. Write off and destroy year-end inventories
- C. Clear out year-end inventories by exporting to developed overseas markets like China
- D. Allow high-end department store partners to clear year-end inventories through modest discounting
正解：D
解説：
Allowinghigh-end department store partners to clear inventories through modest discountingmaintains brand integrity and aligns with the company's mission and strategic positioning. This approach preserves the premium image and supports key retail partnerships. Other options risk diluting brand value (factory outlets), misaligning market focus (exports), or reflect poor inventory management (write-offs). The IASP SPP curriculum highlights that operational practices must be consistent with strategic intent to sustain competitive advantage and stakeholder trust.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Strategy Alignment##Kaplan & Norton, Balanced Scorecard#
質問 # 77
Which of the following is the FIRST thing to do when an organization needs change?
- A. Eliminate all out-of-date aspects of the system
- B. Analyze what the strategic change entails from a modular and integrated perspective
- C. Communicate clearly why change is necessary
- D. Interview employees to get different perspectives about the changes
正解：C
解説：
Thefirst and most critical stepwhen initiating organizational change is tocommunicate clearly why the change is necessary. This step establishes urgency, aligns understanding, and prepares the organization emotionally and cognitively for transition. The IASP SPP curriculum, aligning with Kotter's change model, emphasizes that clear communication of the rationale reduces resistance and mobilizes stakeholders toward shared objectives. Other activities like interviews or analyses come after establishing a compelling case for change.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Change Management##Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 78
Which of the following is NOT a factor in intrinsic motivation?
- A. Training
- B. Employee empowerment
- C. Job design
- D. Remuneration or compensation plans
正解：D
解説：
Intrinsic motivation arises from internal drivers such asempowerment, meaningful job design, and opportunities for learning/training. In contrast,remuneration or compensation plans are extrinsic motivatorsbased on external rewards. The IASP SPP curriculum distinguishes intrinsic from extrinsic motivation, emphasizing the importance of fostering intrinsic factors for sustained engagement, creativity, and satisfaction.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Motivation##Deci & Ryan, Self-Determination Theory#
質問 # 79
Which of the following is MOST important to ensure that planned improvements are meeting organizational objectives?
- A. Environmental scanning
- B. Organized teamwork
- C. Stakeholder feedback
- D. Clearly understood success measures
正解：D
解説：
To determine if planned improvements are effective, the most crucial factor is havingclearly understood success measures. These measures specify what success looks like, enabling objective evaluation of progress and outcomes. The IASP SPP curriculum stresses that success measures should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) to facilitate accountability and guide corrective actions. While stakeholder feedback and teamwork support improvement, without clear metrics, it is impossible to assess performance accurately. Environmental scanning informs context but does not directly measure improvement effectiveness.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Performance Metrics##Kaplan & Norton, Balanced Scorecard#
質問 # 80
A mission statement does NOT answer which of the following questions?
- A. How an organization operates
- B. What an organization produces
- C. Who an organization serves
- D. Why an organization exists
正解：A
解説：
A mission statement clearly defines the organization'spurpose (why it exists), whom it serves, and what it produces or delivers. However, it typically doesnot describe how the organization operates-the processes, methods, or operational details-which are covered in strategic plans or operational documents.
The IASP SPP curriculum emphasizes that mission statements provide a stable foundation for strategic direction without prescribing the exact means of achieving goals, allowing flexibility and adaptability. This distinction ensures that organizations can evolve their operations while maintaining consistent purpose.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Mission and Vision##Drucker, The Practice of Management#
質問 # 81
What is the key activity when working with middle management on strategic plan implementation?
- A. Understanding the departmental objectives
- B. Communicating the strategy and issues
- C. Listening to staff problems
- D. Building buy-in and ownership of the strategy
正解：D
解説：
Middle management plays a critical role in bridging senior leadership and frontline employees during strategic plan implementation. The key activity in working with middle management isbuilding buy-in and ownership of the strategy. Ownership motivates middle managers to actively champion the strategy, align team efforts, and ensure that operational actions support strategic goals. The IASP SPP curriculum emphasizes that without genuine commitment from middle managers, strategic plans often fail during execution. Middle managers are accountable for translating strategic intent into specific tasks and maintaining momentum. While communication and understanding objectives are important, these support activities are secondary to securing ownership to drive performance.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Implementation Leadership#
#Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 82
Strategic planning impacts the annual planning and budgeting process by
- A. Defining the organization's structure
- B. Flowing budgets down to lower levels
- C. Identifying strategies for ongoing initiatives
- D. Establishing priorities
正解：D
解説：
Strategic planning primarilyestablishes prioritiesthat guide annual planning and budgeting decisions, ensuring resource allocation aligns with strategic goals. The IASP SPP curriculum emphasizes the role of strategy in focusing organizational efforts and financial commitments. While budgets, initiatives, and structures relate to planning, priority setting is the key linkage between strategic and operational plans.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Strategic Planning and Budgeting##Kaplan & Norton, Balanced Scorecard#
質問 # 83
Which of the following is a commonly used quantitative tool for making a final decision?
- A. Trend analysis
- B. Cost-benefit analysis
- C. Delphi process
- D. Force field analysis
正解：B
解説：
Cost-benefit analysisis a quantitative tool that compares the expected costs and benefits of alternatives to guide decision-making. It provides a clear financial basis for evaluating options, ensuring resource allocation maximizes value. The IASP SPP curriculum integrates cost-benefit analysis as essential for evaluating strategic choices, balancing risk and return. Trend analysis and Delphi provide qualitative or forecasting insights, and force field analysis supports change management decisions but lacks direct financial quantification.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Decision Making Tools##PMI, PMBOK Guide#
質問 # 84
What process is adopted by an organization to minimize disruption when implementing a new strategic plan?
- A. Environmental scanning
- B. Project management
- C. Strategic management
- D. Change management
正解：D
解説：
Change managementis the structured process to minimize disruption during strategic plan implementation by addressing human, cultural, and organizational factors. It involves communication, training, resistance management, and reinforcement to smooth transitions. The IASP SPP curriculum emphasizes change management as critical for successful strategy execution and stakeholder acceptance.#IASP SPP Study Guide
- Change Management##Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 85
When conducting a strategic planning process, it is MOST important to monitor which of the following elements of an organization's culture?
- A. Average employee educational level
- B. Hiring practices
- C. Open communications
- D. Adherence to personnel policies
正解：C
解説：
Monitoringopen communicationsis crucial during strategic planning because it facilitates transparency, trust, and collaboration. Open communication supports the free flow of information, enabling early identification of issues and fostering engagement. The IASP SPP curriculum highlights communication openness as a cultural element that directly impacts the effectiveness of strategy development and implementation. Personnel policies and hiring practices affect culture broadly but do not have as immediate and dynamic an influence during planning. Educational levels are less directly tied to cultural dynamics.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Organizational Culture##Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership#
質問 # 86
Which of the following skills do project managers MOST need to implement the strategic plan?
- A. Be organized to keep track of important information
- B. Manage timelines no matter what transpires
- C. Analyze where the project has earned value
- D. Manage and coordinate people and tasks
正解：D
解説：
Project managers most critically need tomanage and coordinate people and taskseffectively to ensure that strategic plans are executed on time, within scope, and aligned with objectives. The IASP SPP curriculum highlights that leadership and coordination skills enable team motivation, resource optimization, and problem resolution, which are essential for successful implementation. Timeline management and organization support this but are not sufficient alone.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Project Management##PMI, PMBOK Guide#
質問 # 87
How can a strategic planner ensure the planning process is improved over time?
- A. Use guided imagery to envision the ideal planning process
- B. Review records to see where the organization has been compared to the current situation
- C. Require periodic reports from the organization to track progress
- D. Set up mechanisms to manage continuous improvement
正解：D
解説：
Continuous improvement in strategic planning is achieved byestablishing formal mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and enhance the process over time. These mechanisms may include feedback loops, process reviews, benchmarking, and learning cycles. The IASP SPP curriculum highlights that continuous improvement enables adaptation to changing environments and improves planning accuracy and effectiveness. While envisioning ideals and reviewing history are helpful, without structured processes to manage improvement, gains are ad hoc and unsustainable. Periodic reporting tracks progress but does not inherently improve the planning process itself.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Continuous Improvement##Deming, Out of the Crisis#
質問 # 88
Which of the following features would you likely find in an effective communication plan for a new strategic direction?
- A. Evidence the communication plan was developed by consultants specializing in communication management
- B. Clear links between the overall strategic direction and individual compensation
- C. An explanation of the tactics to be used to achieve the vision
- D. Clear communication of what the organization wants to achieve
正解：D
解説：
An effective communication plan clearlyarticulates what the organization wants to achieve, ensuring stakeholders understand goals and rationale for the new strategy. The IASP SPP curriculum stresses clarity and focus in communication as critical for building alignment, motivation, and reducing uncertainty during change. Tactical explanations or consultant involvement, while potentially useful, are secondary to clear messaging.#IASP SPP Study Guide - Change Communication##Kotter, Leading Change#
質問 # 89
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