[完全版]2023年最新のFast2test L4M8のPDFで最近更新された問題です
L4M8試験には保証が付きます。更新されたのは106問があります
質問 # 60
Describe three benefits of working cross-functionally
正解：
解説：
Working cross-functionally is the involvement of all departments involved in an organization to contribute knowledge, skills and innovation towards adding value of achieving the organization's strategic goal. All functions may include; procurement, maintenance, marketing, finance, human resources working together in procurement activity to come up with the best strategy or selecting the supplier that best suit the organization.
When working cross functionally, members of the organization gives support by believing in the end goal, assist during difficult time, help troubleshoot any issue, providing the required resources and sharing information.
質問 # 61
What are advantages and disadvantages of the two types of specifications?
正解：
解説：
Ones the need is understood, the procurement professional develops the specifications while working together with stakeholders and colleagues to ensure that the final design is fit for purposes that it meets the generated need.
Specification can be focus on performance or conformance.
Performance specification states what the product or service must do or how it should perform but leave the supplier the freedom to achieve this, however they wish.
Performance specification brings the following advantages; it allows supplier innovation, promote competition in the market place, shorter document, quick to prepare. The disadvantage of perfor-mance specification is that buyers may not know exactly what they will be getting.
Conformance specification gives clear instructions to the supplier about what is required and how it should be achieved. Examples of conformance specifications are chemical formulae, recipes and technical drawings. Conformance specification specifies which standards a requirement must meet or exceed. The advantage of using it is; buyers know exactly what they will get. It has the following disadvantages; the buyer bears the risk, it does not encourage supplier to innovate, take longer and complex documentation.
質問 # 62
Explain how influencing, can relate to corruption within procurement.
正解：
解説：
Influencing is the capacity to be able to change behavior or opinions, either consciously or subconsciously.
As outlined by Yukl and falbets work from 1990 influencing can relate to corruption within pro-curement in these six ways.
1)A party can be assertive (forceful, directive, using deadlines),
2) Ingratiating i.e. using charm and flattery.
3) Exchange-Trading favors,
4) Upward appeal (requesting input for senior management not only that influencing can come as
5) Coalition; team members uniting for support.
5) Rational persuasion, i.e. bringing in logic and facts for clarification.
質問 # 63
Which sector most frequently uses invitation to tender?
正解：
解説：
The public sector uses tenders a lot more in the working environment than private sector.
質問 # 64
Research the ethical standard or accreditations of an industry with which you are familiar
正解：
解説：
If a supplier is accredited or is a member of an association that promotes good ethical conduct, a statement to this effect is likely to be featured on its company documentation. This could be in a form of letters after the organization name or the authorized use of logo.
Accreditation information should be verified by procurement professionals either asking organiza-tion for certification to prove membership or accreditation or checking on a professional register.
Below are associated bodies that form some industries.
1. ISO 14001 - for quality management
2. CIPS - for procurement and Supply
3. Red Tractor - NGO Registered in the UK, promoting human right
4. Amnesty International - human right
5. Carbon Trust - For Carbon neutral status.
質問 # 65
What are five recognized types of modern slavery?
正解：
解説：
Modern slavery is against ethical and responsible sourcing. Modern slavery is one of the areas to understudy for procurement professionals to carry out ethical and responsible sourcing and this is recognized in five ways.
1. Human trafficking: The process of seeking, recruiting, transporting and exploiting individuals to work against their will. Often human trafficking includes violence, deception, and coercion.
2. Bonded labour (debt bondage): This is an individual's promise to provide service through ex-ploitation as repayment, or part thereof, of a dept or other obligation.
3. Forced labour: Work that people are forced to do with the treat of punishment if it is not carried out.
4. Children labour: The exploitative and illegal employment of children.
5. Domestic slavery: Individuals exploited through working in private households for little or no money in return for living accommodation
質問 # 66
Write all of factors that contribute towards value for a product that you regularly purchase.
正解：
解説：
Factors that contribute towards value for clothe gum in a fashion firm;
1) How much money does the gum cost?
2) How much is the benefits of using the clothe gum?
3) Does customers prefer clothe gum at the bottom of their garment?
4) Is the clothe gum difficult to use?
5) Does the clothe gum beautifies the fabric when placed properly?
6) Does it give a better finishing?
7) Is it ethical to use?
8) Is it from a sustainable source?
9) is it environmental friendly?
10) Does using clothe gum suggest innovation in fashion?
質問 # 67
Using the case study about Toyata, which type of benchmarking Tada has used when comparing the Toyata with Porsche?
正解：
解説：
Benchmarking is the process of comparing a function, process or performance with another which is best-in-class. Benchmarking is either internal or external. External benchmarking has three types; 1) Competition benchmarking, 2) Functional 3) Generic Company Toyota with the Porsche a competition in the same industry and by suggesting that drives will find the cars performances comparable with that of Porsche Cayman sports car, suggest think it is an external competitive benchmark.
質問 # 68
What information should be included on a purchase requisition?
正解：
解説：
A purchase requisition should contain the following information
1) Date of the requisition
2) Description of what is required
3) Supplier if known
4) The quantity
5) when the need is required
6) why the need is required
7) who identified the need
8) who approved the need
9) if it's a re-buy
質問 # 69
Explain the difference between bonded and forced labor.
正解：
解説：
Bonded labour and forced labour are among the five types of modern slavery which is against ethical and responsible sourcing.
Bonded labour also known as debt bondage, this is an individual's promise to provide services through exploitation as repayment, or part of them, of a debt or other obligation whereas forced labour is work that people are forced to do with the heat of punishment if it is not carried out.
(Correct)
質問 # 70
Which type of power is most likely to be used in corruption?
正解：
解説：
The abuse of power within the supply chain can be linked to corruption. If individuals with seniority favor one supplier over another, they can exercise their power to award the contract to whoever they wish. According to CIPS code of conduct, this is not acceptable.
According to French and Raven, there are five types of power (Legitimate power, Reward, Expert, Referent and Coercive), and these powers can most likely be used in corruption.
質問 # 71
Research the ethical standard or accreditation of an industry with which you are familiar.
正解：
解説：
If a supplier is accredited or is a member of an association that promotes good ethical conduct, a statement to this effect is likely to be featured on its company documentation. This could be in a form of letters after the organization name or the authorized use of logo.
Accreditation information should be verified by procurement professionals either asking organiza-tion for certification to prove membership or accreditation or checking on a professional register.
Below are associated bodies that form some industries.
1. ISO 14001 - for quality management
2. CIPS - for procurement and Supply
3. Red Tractor - NGO Registered in the UK, promoting human right
4. Amnesty International - human right
5. Carbon Trust - For Carbon neutral status.
*
Refer to the question column for response
質問 # 72
Describe three ways in which a buyer could or test the market in other to assist with determining a need.
正解：
解説：
Once the need has been understood, defined, justified and authorized, the next stages are to analyze and test the market. Analyzing and testing the market includes looking at the following
1. STEEPLE analysis
2. SWOT analysis
3. Porter's five forces
4. Level of suppliers competition
5. Supply and demand
6. Push and pull
7. Supplier segmentation
8. Product life cycle
9. Ansoff matrix
10. Early supplier involvement
11. Make or buy
12. Offshoring
1. Porter's five forces: The use of porter's five forces helps the procurement professional to understand the level of competition within the marketplace. Whether it is a monopoly, oligopoly, imperfect or perfect market. Knowing these will equip the organization to better negotiate a favorable price.
2. Supply and Demand: the procurement professional must also think about supply and demand as part of their market analysis when they receive a requisition. This economic factor has a significant effect on the prices charged and on the cost incurred.
3. Supplier segmentation: in this the procurement professional start to form an opinion of potential suppliers.. They can segment current suppliers into four categories, depending on their level of integration into an organization. This can help to inform the procurement professional of which type of supplier relationship that would be most appropriate.
質問 # 73
Why is it important to keep ethical codes of practice up to date?
正解：
解説：
A code of ethics is a set of morals and principle set out by an organization to state what it deems to be acceptable conduct and behavior An ethical code of practice is a continually changing and developing document with society changing and different suppliers coming to market, the document has to remain current Suppliers should continually monitor their codes of ethics to ensure that;
1. They are looking after the interest of the supply chain
2. That potential customers can be reassured that they are conforming to the required regulation, e.g. ISO 14001.
Ethical code of conduct should be constantly monitored and updated in accordance with the changes organization faces. This include 1) Define (2) prevent (3) detect (4) reprove (5) evaluate.
質問 # 74
What are the ILO and ETI?
正解：
解説：
ILO stands for International Labour Organization- It is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance justice and promote decent work by setting international labor standard.
ETI is Ethical Trading Initiative: It is a leading alliance of companies, trade unions and NGOs that promote respect for workers right around the globe. Its vision is a world where all workers are free from exploitation and discrimination and enjoys condition of freedom, security and equity.
質問 # 75
What matrix helps to define how to manage stakeholders?
正解：
解説：
Stakeholders are individuals or organizations who are directly affected by a decision for example, community, shareholders, employees, suppliers, distributors, customers etc. stakeholders can be internal (employers, staffs), connected (such as suppliers, shareholders, financers and customers) external (Government, pressure groups, and community).
The matrix that helps define how to manage stakeholders is mendelow's stakeholders manage-ment matrix. This matrix is based on the theory that the level of management stakeholders require depends on the level of their power and interest within the project or organization The matrix groups stakeholders in to four quadrants according to their power and interest and ad-vice how to manage them.
1) Low power - Low interest (minimum effort)
2) Low power - High interest (keep inform)
3) High power - Low interest (keep satisfied)
4) High power - high interest (manage closely)
質問 # 76
Explain with examples three differences between offers and invitation to treat.
正解：
解説：
An offer is created when one party communicates to another or to multiple parties that they wish to enter into a legal binding agreement in accordance with the terms stated, for example; a company in promotion advertising for buyers to buy one and get one free, an offer is a buying organization communicating to a supplier to supply X number of goods and be paid x amount upon delivery at company premises, an offer is when a football club proposes to pay X amount to a player if agrees to play for them for a month. An offer can be legally banded if accepted, whereas invitation to treat does not. An invitation to treat is just an invitation from one party to another to begin negotiations with the intention of creating an offer. If an offer is made without stating terms, this becomes an invitation to treat, for example, an invitation to treat is when a pharmacy displays a drug in its shelf. An invitation to treat can be linked to a request a buyer send to suppliers asking them for specific information.
質問 # 77
Which Incoterm applies here?
The supplier is responsible for delivering the goods to the buyer's premises, bearing all risk up until this point.
- A. DDP - Delivery Duty Paid
- B. FAS - Free Alongside Ship
- C. DAT - Delivered At Terminal
- D. DAP - Delivered At Place
正解：D
質問 # 78
What is a cross function team?
正解：
解説：
A cross-function Team is the involvement of all departments that are in an organization to contribute knowledge, skills and innovation towards adding value to achieving the organization's strategic goal. Example, procurement, maintenance, marketing, finance, human resources working together in procurement activity to come up with the best strategy or selecting the supplier that best suit the organization.
When working in a cross-functional team, members of the organization give support by believing in the end goal, assist during difficult time, help troubleshoot any issue, providing the required resources and sharing information
質問 # 79
What is the method of monitoring suppliers?
正解：
解説：
When a contract has been awarded, either is to meet tangible needs or intangible needs, contractors or suppliers should be managed to ensure that they are meeting up with fulfilling their contractual agreement. To establish this, there are methods of managing contracts and suppliers.
Service level agreement (SLA) clauses: is placed in contract to ensures that supplier meets the expected and agreed level of service Key performance indicator (KPI): are used to manage contracts that fulfill tangible needs, the KPIs are set performance thresholds that are used to monitor supplier's performance.
Management by objectives (MBO): is the process of defining objective that are strategic to the organization relating them to the vision and mission and communicating them to the supplier through the contract and ensuring that this objective is met during contract performance.
Reviews: Regular supplier reviews are good practices, for it gives the buyer opportunity to give feedback on performance.
Continuous Improvement: Contracts and suppliers can be monitored through how they are chang-ing for better incrementally as they are fulfilling the schedule. There must be a set down system to timely improve on the process, people and continuously reduce waste.
Training: It is essential that training, are provided to come up on areas supplier is lacking.
質問 # 80
What do STEEPLE and SWOT stand for?
正解：
解説：
After a need in an organization has been identified/understood, defined, justified and authorized, the next stages are to understand how commodity prices are reacting, which suppliers are available and their strength. The make or buy decision can be reached with knowledge from this; the procurement professional can consider the organization external environment, strength, weakness opportunity and threat to develop strategy/plan of how to achieve the procurement.
'STEEPLE' is an effective way to evaluate the external environment. It helps buyers to assess factors that could affect the need in hand and helps them to develop the plan accordingly. 'STEEPLE' is an acronym which stands for, Social, Technology, Economic, Environment, Political, Legal, Ethical
'SWOT' helps the organization to analyze its strength and within the organization and the oppor-tunity and threats outside the organization.
'SWOT' is an acronym which stands for, strength, weakness, opportunity and threats.
質問 # 81
Describe four factors that could damage reputation within the supply chair
正解：
解説：
The reputation of all the organizations within a supply chain is linked. A Company's reputation is an intangible asset that can contribute to the failure of an organization if damaged. Factors that could damage organizational reputation within the supply chain are;
1. Quality: if the product or service quality is poor the organization may not satisfy it customers and this can lead to a loss of reputation in the market. For example, a residential building construction company contracting a supplier that would do a bad job which in three months may require home owners to reinstall new doors.
2. Sustainability: if the organization is not replenishing that which it is extracting, it will some day run out of business or probably loss loyal customers. For example a drilling company that spills hydrocarbon as it drills.
3. Fit for purpose: if an organization produce a product or carry out services that are not fit for purpose, it may run at loss for there will be so much rejection and rework. This can lead to customers switching to another organization which product or services are fit for their purpose.
4. Contract management: an organization will have to manage its suppliers and the contracts to ensure they are delivering what they were contracted to do. A poor contract management is a waste in the process of delivery that can lead to reputational loss.
質問 # 82
Justify which of the five approaches to condition performance monitoring you think is the most cost effective within whole life asset management.
正解：
解説：
Condition performance monitoring is a surveillance system that is designed to get the maximum production uptime and availability out of an asset. And this can be achieved by timely monitoring and measuring of temperature, vibration, output, speed, noise, emissions and quality. With this, decision has to be made as to what, if any, action needs to be taken. The five approaches to condition performance monitoring are as follows:
1. Do nothing: Use like a commodity. This will bring worries later.
2. Reactive: Fix it when it breaks. This will run to failure.
3. Preventive: Scheduled maintenance.
4. Predictive: Fix it before it breaks. Predict faults.
5. Proactive: Continuous improvement defect elimination.
The most cost-effective approach is 'Proactive', because is the only approach that has continuous improvement in the process, people and policies to minimize downtime. Being proactive takes defect out of the system and continuously harness opportunity that will optimize the system
質問 # 83
Describe what should be considered when creating damages terms in a contract.
正解：
解説：
Damages are 'sum of money that the supplier pays if it fails to carry out its contractual obligation.
When creating terms for damages in the contract, it should be considered that Damages are categorized into two types (liquidated and un-liquidated). And which or if both are applicable to the contract in hand.
Liquidate Damages are fixed amount of money agreed between the parties that is payable if a contract is breached. For example, knowing that supplier not being able to install a device properly in a power transformer may destroy the device and going ahead to include a fee in the contract if the device was destroyed.
Un-liquidated damages are unfixed amount of money. It is used when the amount of money that will compensate the injured party cannot be known in advance. A court decides the amount when the damages occur. For example, knowing that supplier not being able to install a device properly in a power transformer may destroy the device, other appliances and equipment unknown, cause the buyer delay in the process and reputational damage as in customer dissatisfaction. Yet, unquantifiable as both parties are unable to fix a fee in advance on the damages and leaving it to the court to decide the damage if it may occur.
質問 # 84
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