リアルなEMTは100%カバー試験問題をゲット [2026年02月]
問題集まとめ概要はEMT試験問題集はここ
質問 # 36
Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of effective respiration in a patient?
- A. Skin color
- B. Respiratory rate
- C. Mental status
- D. Pulse oximetry reading
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Mental statusreflects perfusion and oxygen delivery to thebrain, which is highly sensitive to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Even if respiratory rate and SpO# are normal, altered mental status suggests ineffective gas exchange or hypoperfusion.
Pulse oximetry may be falsely normal in CO poisoning or poor perfusion. Skin color is subjective and not as sensitive or specific as neurological status.
References:
NREMT Assessment Standards - Airway & Neurological Assessment
AHA BLS Manual - Recognition of Effective Ventilation
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.) - Patient Assessment and Respiratory Emergencies
質問 # 37
Defusing sessions should do which of the following in order to be successful? Select the two correct options.
- A. Allow the open sharing of information
- B. Be held immediately following an incident
- C. Force all providers to provide feedback
- D. Have mental health experts present during the session
- E. Take place 72 hours or more following an incident
正解：A、B
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Defusingis an informal, short-term intervention after acritical incident. It should:
* Occur within hoursof the event (ideally the same shift)
* Encourage voluntary open discussionin a confidential setting
It isnot a full debriefor counseling session and doesn't requiremental health professionalspresent. Forcing participation or waiting too long (e.g., 72+ hours) can reduce its effectiveness.
References:
NREMT EMS Operations - Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)
International Critical Incident Stress Foundation (ICISF) Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Mental Health and Stress Response
質問 # 38
A 24-year-old patient was involved in an MVC. The EMT is completing the patient care report. Which of the following statements indicate pertinent negatives? Select the two correct options.
- A. "The patient reported no loss of consciousness."
- B. "The patient denied neck or back pain."
- C. "The patient was disruptive and non-compliant with EMS."
- D. "The patient reported abdominal tenderness."
- E. "The patient initially refused assessment."
正解：A、B
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Pertinent negativesare findings that arenot present, butwould be clinically relevant if they were. For example:
* "No neck or back pain"helps rule out spinal injury
* "No loss of consciousness"informs head trauma assessment
Statements about behavior or initial refusal (B, E) may be documented under patient behavior or refusal, but they are not pertinent negatives. Positive findings like abdominal tenderness arepertinent positives.
References:
NREMT Documentation Standards
National EMS Education Standards - Communication and Documentation
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.) - Patient Care Reporting
質問 # 39
A 26-year-old patient has an altered mental status. Family advises that the patient has diabetes. The patient's skin is pale, cool, and clammy. What, if anything, can the EMT infer about the patient's glucose level based on the patient's presentation?
- A. The patient's blood sugar is most likely low.
- B. The patient's blood sugar is most likely normal.
- C. The patient's blood sugar cannot be inferred.
- D. The patient's blood sugar is most likely high.
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Altered mental status, combined withpale, cool, and clammy skin, is strongly suggestive ofhypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Hypoglycemia is especially dangerous in diabetics who take insulin or oral hypoglycemics.
The body'sadrenergic responsecauses the "cool and clammy" presentation.
Hyperglycemia typically presents withwarm, dry skinand develops more slowly. EMTs shouldadminister oral glucoseif the patient can swallow.
References:
NREMT Medical Guidelines - Endocrine Emergencies
AAOS EMT Textbook (11th ed.), Chapter: Endocrine and Metabolic Emergencies National EMS Education Standards - Diabetic Emergencies
質問 # 40
A 32-year-old female has a history of dysmenorrhea, abdominopelvic pain, and pain when having a bowel movement. She has not been sexually active in 8 months. Her symptoms are most likely caused by
- A. Premature menopause
- B. An infection that is either bacteria or a virus
- C. Endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus
- D. Spontaneous abortion
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
These symptoms are classic forendometriosis, whereendometrial tissue grows outside the uterus.
Symptoms often include:
* Pelvic pain
* Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
* Painful bowel movements or intercourse
Spontaneous abortion does not apply here due to lack of pregnancy. Premature menopause is rare at this age and presents differently. Infection is less likely in the absence of recent sexual activity or fever.
References:
NREMT Medical - Gynecologic Emergencies
ACOG Guidelines on Endometriosis
National EMS Education Standards - OB/GYN Emergencies
質問 # 41
A mountain climber tells you that he came down from a hike because he was coughing up blood. You should suspect
- A. Pulmonary embolism
- B. Neoplasm
- C. Spontaneous pneumothorax
- D. Pulmonary edema
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)in a physically active person, such as a mountain climber, strongly suggests apulmonary embolism (PE), particularly due to:
* Dehydration
* Prolonged exertion or immobility
* High altitude increasing clot risk
Symptoms may include:
* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain
* Tachypnea
* Hemoptysis
Pulmonary edemagenerally causes pink frothy sputum and is more associated with heart failure.Neoplasm (lung cancer)is possible but much less acute in onset.Spontaneous pneumothoraxcauses dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain but not typically hemoptysis.
References:
NREMT Medical Assessment - Pulmonary and Hematologic Emergencies
AAOS EMT Textbook - Chapter: Respiratory Emergencies
CDC Guidelines - High-Risk Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism
質問 # 42
A 9-year-old patient who was injured in an MCI is brought to the treatment area with a delayed triage tag. Which of the following signs or symptoms would the EMT expect to find? Select the three correct options.
- A. Breathing only after opening the airway
- B. Follows simple commands
- C. Palpable pulses being present
- D. Mottled skin
- E. Ability to ambulate
- F. Respiratory rate of 16
正解：B、C、E
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
In pediatric START orJumpSTARTtriage, a "delayed" status is appropriate if the child is breathing adequately, has palpable pulses, and follows commands. The respiratory rate of 16 is normal for a 9-year-old, and being able to walk also supports the "delayed" tag.
"Mottled skin" and "breathing only after airway opening" would more likely lead to "immediate" or even
"expectant" categories depending on associated symptoms.
References:
JumpSTART Pediatric MCI Triage Algorithm
National EMS Education Standards - Triage
PALS Provider Manual (American Heart Association)
質問 # 43
A 65-year-old patient with a history of angina reports chest pain and shortness of breath after playing golf. The patient stated the pain began one hour ago and has not stopped with rest. The vital signs are BP 86/64, P 112, R 22, and SpO# 89% on room air. Which of the following actions should the EMT do next?
- A. Administer CPAP
- B. Give nitroglycerin
- C. Provide nebulized albuterol
- D. Obtain a 12-lead ECG
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
This is ahigh-risk cardiac eventdue to unstable angina or possiblemyocardial infarction. The EMT should:
* Administer oxygenif SpO# is <94%
* Avoid nitroglycerinif systolic BP is <90 mmHg
* Obtain a 12-lead ECGto identify ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and transmit it if trained and authorized CPAP is indicated forpulmonary edema, and albuterol is forbronchospasm, neither of which applies here.
References:
AHA ACLS and BLS Guidelines - ACS Management
NREMT Cardiology Guidelines - Chest Pain/MI
National EMS Education Standards - Cardiovascular Emergencies and ECG Recognition
質問 # 44
A 58-year-old patient reports chest pain and difficulty breathing after missing their last three hemodialysis treatments. Which of the following signs and symptoms should the EMT suspect to find?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Hypotension
- C. Crackles
- D. Fever
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Missing dialysis leads tofluid overload, causing:
* Pulmonary edema, evident bycrackleson auscultation
* Dyspnea and chest discomfort
Bradycardia is less likely; patients more often present withtachycardiadue to volume stress. Fever would suggest infection (not stated here), and hypotension can occur later, but hypertension is more common in early fluid overload.
References:
NREMT Medical Emergencies - Renal and Dialysis Patients
National Kidney Foundation Guidelines - Missed Dialysis and Pulmonary Symptoms AAOS EMT Textbook - Urologic and Fluid Volume Imbalance
質問 # 45
What components are necessary to maintain adequate perfusion? Select the three correct options.
- A. Hypoxic drive
- B. Sufficient blood volume
- C. Patent airway
- D. High alveolar pressure
- E. Intact microcirculation
- F. Low ventilation-perfusion ratio
正解：B、C、E
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Perfusionrefers to delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It depends on three essential components:
* Patent airway: Ensures oxygen reaches lungs
* Intact microcirculation: Capillary-level exchange must function
* Sufficient blood volume: Maintains blood pressure and oxygen transport Hypoxic drive relates toCOPD physiology, not perfusion.High alveolar pressure(like from CPAP) may impede venous return, and alow ventilation-perfusion ratiomeans poor oxygenation efficiency, which negatively affects perfusion.
References:
NREMT Cardiovascular and Shock Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Perfusion and Circulatory Assessment AHA ACLS Provider Manual - Systemic Perfusion Concepts
質問 # 46
Following an EMS call, any requests concerning protected health information should be directed to the
- A. Quality assurance officer
- B. Receiving hospital
- C. Shift supervisor
- D. Privacy officer
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Under HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act), only designated personnel are authorized to handle inquiries regarding a patient's Protected Health Information (PHI). The Privacy Officer is responsible for enforcing compliance with privacy regulations and addressing PHI access requests.
Shift supervisors or hospitals do not have the legal authority to release PHI unless specifically designated.
References:
NREMT Guidelines on EMS Operations
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: HIPAA Privacy Rule
National EMS Education Standards - Ethics, Documentation, and Privacy
質問 # 47
Which of the following actions are appropriate management for two-rescuer pediatric basic life support? Select the three correct options.
- A. Start CPR if the pulse rate is 72
- B. Use the two-thumb-encircling-hands technique for infants
- C. Perform rescue breathing at a rate of 20 per minute
- D. Perform compressions at a ratio of 15:2
- E. Compress at a rate of 180 per minute
- F. Compress the chest one-half the diameter of the chest
正解：B、D、F
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Forpediatric BLS with two rescuers, currentAHA Guidelines (2020)recommend:
* Two-thumb encircling hands technique: Most effective for infants; provides consistent depth and control.
* Compression ratio of 15:2: Enhances ventilation without compromising perfusion.
* Compression depth: 1/3 of chest or approximatelyone-half the chest's depth.
CPR begins ifpulse <60 bpm with signs of poor perfusion, not at 72 bpm. Rate of180/minis excessive; ideal rate is100-120/min.
References:
AHA BLS Provider Manual (2020) - Pediatric BLS Section
NREMT Cardiology & Resuscitation Module
Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Guidelines
質問 # 48
While responding to an emergency, a car is tailgating the ambulance. Which of the following actions should the EMT take?
- A. Pull over
- B. Speed up
- C. Slow down
- D. Tap the brakes
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
In situations where a vehicle is tailgating an emergency unit, tapping the brakes briefly is a standard defensive driving maneuver to alert the driver behind to increase distance. It is less risky than slowing dramatically or pulling over, which could endanger crew or delay response.
Speeding up could reduce your reaction window or increase accident risk. EMS operators must follow safe driving practices per NFPA 1002 and DOT Emergency Vehicle Operation Guidelines.
References:
NREMT Operations Section - Driving and Scene Safety
NFPA 1002: Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications
U.S. DOT: Emergency Vehicle Operator Course (EVOC)
質問 # 49
A 42-year-old male states, "I can't breathe" after being shot in his upper thigh. Bystanders have applied direct pressure to his thigh and the bleeding is controlled. You should first
- A. Administer oxygen
- B. Assess for other life-threatening injuries
- C. Replace the bystander's dressing with sterile gauze
- D. Apply a tourniquet
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Thepatient's complaint of difficulty breathingis anairway/breathing issueand takes precedence over a controlled extremity bleed. The first action is toadminister oxygenand evaluate respiratory effort.
Though reassessing the wound is important,oxygenation is the prioritywhen airway compromise or respiratory distress is present. Tourniquets are foruncontrolled bleeding, which is not the case here.
References:
NREMT Trauma Assessment Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Primary Assessment Priorities
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.) - Chapter: Patient Assessment
質問 # 50
A law enforcement officer requests that you place the clothes from a sexual assault victim in a bag for transport to the hospital. Which type of bag should you use?
- A. Paper
- B. Plastic
- C. Polypropylene
- D. Cloth
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
In cases ofsexual assault, preservingevidence integrityis critical. Clothing or other forensic evidence must be placed inpaper bags. Plastic or non-breathable materials can trap moisture, promotingmold or degradation of evidencelike DNA or bodily fluids.
This approach follows chain-of-custody protocols used by law enforcement and medical facilities for handling forensic material.
References:
NREMT EMS Operations - Evidence Preservation and Forensics
U.S. Department of Justice: "A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations" National EMS Education Standards - Legal and Ethical Principles
質問 # 51
Which of the following signs and symptoms indicate dehydration in an infant? Select the three correct options.
- A. Sunken fontanelles
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. Poor skin turgor
- D. Flushed, dry skin
- E. Delayed capillary refill
- F. Hypertension
正解：A、C、E
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Dehydration signs in infantsinclude:
* Poor skin turgor(elasticity)
* Sunken fontanelles(indicative of fluid loss)
* Delayed capillary refill(>2 seconds)
Flushed skin is more common infever or heat illness, not dehydration.Hypotension, not hypertension, is associated with dehydration in late stages.
References:
NREMT Pediatric Assessment and Fluid Emergencies
PALS Provider Manual - Dehydration in Infants
AAOS Emergency Care (11th ed.) - Pediatric Emergency Chapter
質問 # 52
A drowsy 72-year-old female complains of difficulty breathing. Her respiratory rate is 50, and her SpO# is 89% on room air. You should suspect
- A. Respiratory distress
- B. Respiratory failure
- C. Respiratory arrest
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
正解：B
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
The patient'sexcessively high respiratory rate (RR 50),hypoxia (SpO# 89%), anddecreased mental status (drowsiness) indicaterespiratory failure, which is theinability to maintain oxygenation or ventilation.
* Respiratory distress: Increased effort but adequate compensation
* Respiratory arrest: Complete absence of breathing
* Respiratory alkalosis: Possible early finding, but not a condition diagnosis This patient is tiring and losing the ability to ventilate effectively - a hallmark of failure.
References:
NREMT Airway and Ventilation Guidelines
AHA BLS Manual - Recognition of Respiratory Failure
AAOS EMT Textbook - Chapter: Airway Emergencies
質問 # 53
You have consulted with on-line medical direction to terminate resuscitation of a 74-year-old female.
How should you inform her family of this decision?
- A. "She is at peace."
- B. "She didn't make it."
- C. "She has passed."
- D. "She has died."
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
EMS professionals are expected to useempathetic yet clear languagewhen communicating a death. The phrase"She has passed"is bothrespectfuland commonly accepted as an appropriate way toconvey death compassionatelywithout being overly clinical or harsh.
"Died" may sound too blunt in an emotional moment, while "didn't make it" and "at peace" can feelvague or dismissive. Clear, empathetic communication is critical for patient dignity and family support during death notifications.
References:
National EMS Education Standards - Ethics, Communication, and Patient Advocacy NAEMT Guidelines for Death Notification in the Field Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.), Chapter: Special Situations and Emotional Support
質問 # 54
Which of the following sections are designated by command at an MCI? Select the three correct options.
- A. Aviation
- B. Catering
- C. Logistics
- D. Staging
- E. Planning
- F. Finance
正解：C、E、F
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
InIncident Command System (ICS)for Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI), the four major sections are:
* Planning: Collects data and develops response strategies
* Logistics: Supplies and personnel
* Finance/Administration: Cost tracking, contracts, compensation
Stagingis atactical location, not a management section.Catering and aviationare not command-level ICS designations unless part of specific tasks under logistics or operations.
References:
NIMS ICS Framework - FEMA (ICS-100/700)
NREMT EMS Operations - MCI Command Structure
National EMS Education Standards - Incident Management
質問 # 55
A 38-year-old patient is unconscious with slow, shallow, and gasping breaths. The patient is not moving.
What should the EMT perform first?
- A. Auscultate breath sounds
- B. Check a carotid pulse
- C. Assess the airway
- D. Perform a secondary assessment
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
In anyunresponsive patient, the first step is toassess and open the airwayto determine patency and identify obstruction or inadequate breathing.
Gasping respirations (agonal) are not effective; they requireBVM ventilationsupport. The airway must be openbefore checking for a pulse or performing auscultation. A secondary assessment is performed only after primary survey and stabilization.
References:
AHA BLS Provider Manual (2020) - Unresponsive Patient Algorithm
NREMT Airway Skills - Primary Assessment
National EMS Education Standards - Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC) Sequence
質問 # 56
Reassessment of a patient begins with repeating the
- A. Primary survey
- B. Scene size-up
- C. Secondary assessment
- D. Vital signs
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Thereassessment phasein the EMT patient assessment model starts with repeating theprimary survey(also called the primary assessment), which includes:
* Airway
* Breathing
* Circulation
* Disability (mental status)
* Exposure/environment
The purpose is to identify any changes or deterioration in the patient'slife-threatening conditions, especially in dynamic or unstable patients. Only after this do EMTs check vitals and reevaluate secondary complaints.
References:
NREMT Assessment Guidelines - Patient Reassessment
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.), Chapter: Assessment in EMS
National EMS Education Standards - Patient Assessment
質問 # 57
You have achieved ROSC (Return of Spontaneous Circulation) in a 77-year-old female. She remains unresponsive and her vital signs are BP 94/58, P 82, and R 18. In what position should she be placed?
- A. Left lateral recumbent
- B. Trendelenburg
- C. Head elevated 45°
- D. Supine
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
AfterROSCin an unresponsive patient, theleft lateral recumbent position(also called the recovery position) is preferred to:
* Maintain an open airway
* Prevent aspiration if vomiting occurs
* Promote drainage of secretions
Supine or Trendelenburg positions increase the risk of aspiration. Elevating the head to 45° may reduce intracranial pressure, but it's not standard post-ROSC care in an unresponsive patient unless airway protection is ensured.
References:
NREMT Cardiology Guidelines - Post-Resuscitation Care
American Heart Association BLS/ACLS Algorithms - ROSC Protocol
EMS Education Standards - Transport Positioning
質問 # 58
A 70-year-old patient has a sudden onset of difficulty breathing with throat and chest tightness after working outside. The EMT auscultates bilateral wheezes. The vital signs are BP 60/44, P 128, R 28, and SpO# 90% on room air. Which of the following treatments should the EMT administer?
- A. Positive pressure ventilations
- B. Patient's metered-dose inhaler
- C. Sublingual nitroglycerin
- D. Epinephrine auto-injector
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
The symptoms and vital signs (wheezing, hypotension, high pulse rate, respiratory distress) are strongly indicative ofanaphylaxis, which is alife-threatening allergic reaction. Bilateral wheezing and hypotension further confirm systemic involvement. Thefirst-line treatment is intramuscular epinephrine, which:
* Reverses bronchospasm (via beta-2 adrenergic effects)
* Raises blood pressure (via alpha-1 vasoconstriction)
* Improves airway tone and reduces mucosal edema
A metered-dose inhaler may help in mild bronchospasm but is insufficient duringanaphylactic shock.
Positive pressure ventilations are a secondary measure if respiratory failure occurs. Nitroglycerin is contraindicated due to low BP.
References:
NREMT Medical/Obstetrics/Gynecology Guidelines - Allergic Reactions
AHA ACLS Provider Manual (2020), Section on Anaphylaxis
National EMS Education Standards - Immune System Emergencies
質問 # 59
A 78-year-old female tripped and fell while walking. Her left leg is rotated externally and shorter than her right leg. You should suspect
- A. Posterior hip dislocation
- B. Colles' fracture
- C. Pelvic fracture
- D. Proximal femur fracture
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Anexternally rotated, shortened legis a classic sign of aproximal femur fracture, specifically afemoral neck or intertrochanteric fracture, commonly seen in elderly fall patients. This presentation reflectsmuscle pulland fracture displacement.
* Posterior hip dislocationscauseinternal rotation.
* Pelvic fracturesmay cause instability but not specific leg rotation/shortening.
* Colles' fractureis a distal radius (wrist) injury, unrelated to leg trauma.
References:
NREMT Trauma Module - Musculoskeletal Injuries
National EMS Education Standards - Geriatric Trauma
AAOS Emergency Care (11th ed.), Chapter: Orthopedic Injuries
質問 # 60
A patient has heart failure with pulmonary edema. They have shortness of breath, and crackles are present in both lungs. The patient is nauseated and has vomited once. The vital signs are BP 90/40, P
110, R 10, and SpO# 89% on room air. Which of the following signs or symptoms prevent the EMT from using CPAP? Select the three correct options.
- A. Pulse rate
- B. Respiratory rate
- C. Blood pressure
- D. Oxygen saturation
- E. Nausea and vomiting
- F. Crackles in both lungs
正解：B、C、E
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Contraindications to CPAP(Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) include:
* Hypotension: CPAP can reduce preload and worsen shock (BP < 90 systolic is a contraindication)
* Respiratory rate too low: A rate of 10 is at the low threshold; CPAP requires spontaneous adequate effort
* Active vomiting or nausea: CPAP increases aspiration risk
Crackles and hypoxia areindications, not contraindications, for CPAP. Pulse rate does not influence CPAP use directly.
References:
NREMT Airway Management and Cardiovascular Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Failure and CPAP
AHA ACLS Provider Manual - Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema Management
質問 # 61
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