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質問 # 14
What Fabric Gateway client API call could a client application use to update ledger state?
- A. Invoke
- B. Submit
- C. Evaluate
- D. Update
正解：B
解説：
In the context of the Fabric Gateway client API, the call that a client application would use to update the ledger state is Submit1. The Submit function combines the actions of endorsing a transaction proposal, submitting the transaction to the ordering service, and waiting for the transaction to be committed to the ledger into a single blocking call. This simplifies the process for the client application, allowing it to update the ledger state with a single line of code. The Evaluate call, on the other hand, is used to query the current state of the ledger without making any updates2. There are no Invoke or Update calls in the Fabric Gateway client API as per the official documentation
質問 # 15
In a production environment, what peer items require on-going monitoring?
- A. Only the chaincode containers since they handle the business logic.
- B. All peer containers, including their CPU, network, and memory.
- C. Onlythe peer nodes that are runningchaincode, since they consume most resources.
- D. Only the orderer service since it manages the ordering of transactions.
正解：B
解説：
In a production environment of Hyperledger Fabric, it is essential to monitor all peer containers comprehensively, including their CPU, network, and memory usage. This is because each peer node plays a critical role in maintaining the network's overall health and efficiency. Monitoring these resources helps in detecting potential bottlenecks or failures early, ensuring the smooth operation of the blockchain network.
Focusing only on specific components like the orderer service or chaincode containers would provide a limited view of the network's health and could lead to issues being overlooked. Comprehensive monitoring enables administrators to maintain optimal performance and reliability across the entire network.
質問 # 16
Which channel feature allows organizations to run different versions of Hyperledger Fabric on their peer nodes?
- A. Consensus protocols
- B. Channel capabilities
- C. Anchor peers
- D. Endorsement policies
正解：B
解説：
Hyperledger Fabric allows different versions of the platform to coexist and interoperate on the same network through the use of channel capabilities. Channel capabilities enable organizations running different versions of Fabric binaries to participate on the same channel. These capabilities govern the features that are used by peer nodes and set the minimum version of the Fabric binaries that can be run by peers joined to the channel. This allows for heterogeneousnetwork environments where different nodes might be running different versions of Fabric software .
質問 # 17
The Gateway service manages which of the following activities on behalf of the client application?
- A. User enrollment and authentication
- B. Transaction submission
- C. Chaincode
- D. Channel management
正解：B
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, the Gateway service manages the transaction submission process on behalf of the client application. This service simplifies the interaction with the network by abstracting the details of transaction construction, endorsement, and submission. The Gateway service assembles the necessary endorsements according to the relevant chaincode endorsement policies and submits the transaction to the ordering service.
This role of the Gateway enhances the usability and efficiency of transaction processing, reducing the complexity for client applications by handling these critical steps internally.
質問 # 18
Which directory is created by the idemixgen tool along with the ca directory and msp directory when configuring membership?
- A. user directory
- B. orderer directory
- C. config directory
- D. tlscacerts directory
正解：A
解説：
The idemixgen tool is used to create configuration files for the Identity Mixer based MSP (Membership Service Provider) in Hyperledger Fabric. When configuring membership, the idemixgen tool creates three directories: /ca/, /msp/, and /user/1. The /ca/ directory contains the issuer secret key, issuer public key, and revocation key, which should only be present for a Certificate Authority (CA). The /msp/ directory contains the issuer public key and revocation public key, which are required to set up an MSP that verifies Identity Mixer signatures. The /user/ directory specifies a default signer configuration1. Therefore, the correct answer is the user directory, which is created alongside the ca and msp directories by the idemixgen tool.
質問 # 19
In Raft, there are two places for configuration. One is local configuration. What is the other?
- A. Peer configuration
- B. Consensus configuration
- C. Channel configuration
- D. Global configuration
正解：C
解説：
In Raft, configuration occurs at two levels: local and channel. The local configuration pertains to node-specific settings such as TLS communication and file storage. The channel configuration, on the other hand, defines the membership and operational parameters of the Raft cluster for a specific channel, including settings like heartbeat frequency and leader timeouts. This dual-level configuration allows for precise control over the behavior of Raft nodes within the Hyperledger Fabric network .
質問 # 20
When using "off-line signing" in the Fabric Gateway client API, what information from each message is used to generate the cryptographic signature?
- A. The client X.509 certificate
- B. The message digest
- C. The transaction ID
- D. The transaction validation code
正解：B
解説：
When using "off-line signing" in the Fabric Gateway client API, the cryptographic signature is generated using the message digest. This digest is a hashed representation of the transaction's content, ensuring the integrity and non-repudiation of the transaction as it moves through the Fabric network. This method allows for secure transaction signing without exposing private keys directly on the client-side, aligning with security best practices .
質問 # 21
What is the main purpose of certificates in Hyperledger Fabric?
- A. Encrypting the stored ledger data in a way that certain data is visible only to certain organizations.
- B. Certificates are certified digital documents making certain parts of the system transparent.
- C. Certificates are used solely in Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols, providing the necessary keys.
- D. Providing identity for different actors, helping with ledger consistency, authorization and Transport Layer Security (TLS).
正解：D
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, certificates primarily provide identity for various actors within the network, such as peers, orderers, and clients. These certificates facilitate not just node-to-node communication and data integrity but also contribute significantly to the security measures of the network, such as authentication and authorization processes. Importantly, these certificates are utilized in TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocols to secure communications between nodeson the network. Fabric utilizes X.509 certificates for these purposes, which are issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) within the network .
質問 # 22
What is the role of the endorsement policy in the context of Hyperledger Fabric's chaincode?
- A. Define which organizations are allowed to read the ledger.
- B. Define which orderers will order transactions into a block.
- C. Define the organizations that have permission to execute a transaction.
- D. Define the organizations that must sign a transaction proposal.
正解：D
解説：
In the context of Hyperledger Fabric's chaincode, the endorsement policy plays a crucial role in defining the organizations that must sign a transaction proposal before it can be considered valid. This policy specifies which members of the network must agree (endorse) a transaction for it to be executed. The policy can require signatures from one or more specific organizations,depending on the chaincode's business logic and the network's governance requirements. This ensures that transactions are agreed upon by the relevant stakeholders, maintaining the integrity and trust within the network.
質問 # 23
What is the purpose of the ordering service in Hyperledger Fabric model?
- A. To validate transactions and maintain the blockchain ledqer
- B. To endorse transactions and update the world state.
- C. To manage the identities of the participants in the network
- D. To assemble transactions into blocks for the blockchain ledqer.
正解：D
解説：
The primary purpose of the ordering service in Hyperledger Fabric is to assemble transactions into blocks and ensure their correct sequencing on the blockchain ledger. This service takes validated transactions, orders them chronologically, and packages them into blocks. These blocks are then distributed to all peers on the network for final validation and commitment to their respective ledgers. This process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and consistency of the ledger across the distributed network. The ordering service does not manage identities or endorse transactions, nor does it validate transactions or directly maintain the blockchain ledger beyond the sequencing and packaging of transactions.
質問 # 24
What is true about the historic states in Hyperledger Fabric model?
- A. They are immutable.
- B. They cannot be accessed by anyone.
- C. They can be modified by anyone with write access.
- D. Administrator role is required for access.
正解：A
解説：
Historic states in the Hyperledger Fabric ledger are immutable, meaning they cannot be altered after they have been committed to the ledger. This immutability ensures the integrity and traceability of all transactions on the network. Once a transaction is recorded, it is permanent, and its history can be audited to trace back all operations affecting any piece of data. This feature is fundamental in blockchain technology, providing a verifiable and tamper-evident record. The immutability of historic states is a key component of the trust and security model in Hyperledger Fabric, contrary to options that suggest these records can be modified or are inaccessible.
質問 # 25
Which are the transaction steps that are managed by the Fabric gateway service?
- A. Finding a nonce for a pre-image of a hash function for mining.
- B. Collect transactions into a block and eliminating invalid transactions.
- C. Realizing a distributed verifiable random function for leader election.
- D. Evaluate, endorse, submit, and get commit status.
正解：D
解説：
The transaction steps managed by the Fabric gateway service in Hyperledger Fabric are to evaluate, endorse, submit, and obtain the commit status of transactions. This service simplifies the process for clients by handling these critical transaction steps, which facilitates more efficient transaction processing and management within the network .
質問 # 26
Which pluggable component in the Hyperledger Fabric modular architecture is responsible for identities?
- A. Endorsement Policy
- B. Ordering Service
- C. Membership Service Provider
- D. Peer Node
正解：C
質問 # 27
Where would you generate a unique ID to represent an asset on the ledger?
- A. In a private data collection
- B. In the smart contract
- C. In the client application
- D. In a custom validation plugin
正解：C
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, a unique ID to represent an asset on the ledger is typically generated in the client application before the transaction is submitted to the blockchain. This approach ensures that each asset has a unique identifier, which is crucial for tracking and managing assets throughout their lifecycle on the ledger.
質問 # 28
How should private data collection be configured and deployed?
- A. Private data collection is configured and deployed with the help of a dedicated REST API that is available on the orderers.
- B. Private data collection is configured at the X5C9 certification generation process of the certificate authorities.
- C. Private data collection configuration is setup at the core network structure configuration with the components.
- D. Private data collection configuration is described in a separate ison file and deployed at chaincode deployment.
正解：D
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, private data collections are configured using a separate JSON file that describes the details of the collection, such as the name, policy, and member organizations that have access to it. This configuration file is included during the chaincode deployment process. The collections configuration file defines how private data is managed, including its lifecycle,storage, and dissemination between authorized peers. By configuring private data collections in this manner, organizations ensure that sensitive information is only accessible to specific participants in the network, thus maintaining confidentiality and compliance with data governance standards.
質問 # 29
Which of the following sources provide block events?
- A. Ordering service
- B. Peers
- C. CouchD
- D. Membership service
正解：B
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, block events are provided by peers. Whenever a block is committed to a peer's ledger, that peer generates a corresponding event. These events can include the full block content or a summary of the transactions within the block, allowing applications to register and receive notifications about these events.
This setup is crucial for applications that need to respond to changes recorded on the blockchain in real-time .
質問 # 30
What are the standard possibilities to configure parameters of a component (peer, orderer) in Hyperledger Fabric?
- A. Local Linux config files and kubernetes configuration in etcd.
- B. Individual configuration database for each organization.
- C. Yaml config files, environment variables, flags on CLI commands.
- D. Global configuration database for storing all relevant parameters.
正解：C
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, the standard possibilities to configure parameters of a component, such as a peer or orderer, include using YAML configuration files, environment variables, and command-line interface (CLI) flags. This approach provides flexibility and allows for detailed control over the parameters that govern the behavior of these components .
質問 # 31
In Hyperledger Fabric, Intercommunication is how a smart contract in a channel updates the World State database. It is achieved by what process?
- A. Configuring the Peer-to-peer endorsement options.
- B. Making use of the cross channel Consensus mechanism.
- C. Setting the endorsement policy to communicate with all peers.
- D. Calling smart contracts within the channel and in different channels.
正解：D
解説：
Intercommunication in Hyperledger Fabric regarding how smart contracts update the World State database is primarily achieved by calling other smart contracts, both within the same channel and across different channels. This process allows smart contracts, also known as chaincode, to interact and transact across the network, updating the World State as necessary based on business logic defined in the contracts. This capability is crucial for complex business processes that span multiple contracts and possibly multiple channels. Unlike setting endorsement policies or configuring peer-to-peer options, calling other smart contracts directly facilitates dynamic and direct interaction between business processes, enhancing the modularity and efficiency of the network. Cross-channel communication must be carefully managed within the permissions and policies defined in the network to maintain security and integrity.
質問 # 32
For an endorsed transaction, the gateway service forwards the transaction to the ordering service, which orders it with other endorsed transactions and then completes what?
- A. Packages all endorsed transactions into a block.
- B. Broadcasts the transaction to all peers in the channel.
- C. Sends the transaction to the validation phase.
- D. Sends the transaction to the endorsement phase.
正解：A
解説：
For an endorsed transaction, the gateway service forwards the transaction to the ordering service. The ordering service then packages this transaction with other endorsed transactions into a block. This block is subsequently distributed across the network to all peers for validation and commitment to the ledger. The ordering process ensures the maintenance of transaction order across the network, crucial for the consistency and integrity of the blockchain .
質問 # 33
In Hyperledger Fabric, what is used if end users of the application want to keep their private key secret?
In Hyperledger Fabric, what is used if end users of the application want to keep their private key secret?
- A. Online signing
- B. No signing is required
- C. Offline signing
- D. Shared signing
正解：C
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, if end users of the application want to keep their private key secret and secure, they would use offline signing. Offline signing involves signing transactions on a device or in an environment that is not connected to the network or the internet. This method ensures that the private key used for signing does not get exposed to the network and reduces the risk of compromise. Offline signing is especially important in scenarios where security and privacy are paramount, as it allows users to maintain control over their private keys at all times.
質問 # 34
When reading and modifying the ledger state in Hyperledger Fabric, what type of schema does the data stored in the ledger need to adhere if the state database is LevelDB?
- A. No specific schema is required
- B. XML schema
- C. JSON schema
- D. CSV schema
正解：A
解説：
When using LevelDB as the state database in Hyperledger Fabric, there is no specific schema that the data stored in the ledger needs to adhere to. LevelDB is a key-value store, which does not enforce any schema on the data it holds. This flexibility allows applications to define their own formats and structures for the data they store, which can vary from simple strings and numbers to more complex serialized data structures. This schema-less nature of LevelDB enables developers to implement the data handling that best suits their application's needs without the constraints of a predefined database schema.
質問 # 35
Which concept of the RAFT ordering service relates to the ingestion of new log entries; their replication to other ordering nodes; and managing when an entry is considered committed?
- A. Endorsement
- B. Consenter set
- C. Leader
- D. Quorum
正解：C
解説：
In the RAFT ordering service within Hyperledger Fabric, the concept of the "Leader" is crucial for the ingestion of new log entries, their replication to other ordering nodes, and managing when an entry is considered committed. In a RAFT-based ordering service, the leader node is responsible for managing the log entries; it receives all client requests, appends them to its log, and replicates these logs to the follower nodes.
The leader also plays a crucial role in ensuring that there is a consensus on the order of transactions before they are committed to the ledger. The leader is dynamically elected by the cluster nodes and can change due to network conditions or node failures. This role is pivotal in the RAFT consensus mechanism for maintaining a consistent and reliable ordering service.
質問 # 36
Which of the following information do signature policies provide when creating a network in Hyperledger Fabric?
- A. Type of consensus algorithm used
- B. Private keys of all network participants.
- C. Identity specific users who must sign in order to satisfy a policy.
B Number of nodes in the network
正解：C
解説：
In Hyperledger Fabric, signature policies specify the identities of specific users who must sign a transaction for it to be considered valid. These policies define the endorsement rules associated with a chaincode and are a critical component of the transaction flow. They ensure that transactions are endorsed by the correct entities as stipulated by the governance of the network. Signature policies are not related to the number of nodes, private keys of participants, or the type of consensus algorithm used but are strictly about defining which users or member organizations' signatures are required to fulfill transaction criteria.
質問 # 37
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