GMATのPDFで合格させるスゴ問題集でGMAT最新のリアル試験問題 [Q199-Q223]

GMATのPDFで合格させるスゴ問題集でGMAT最新のリアル試験問題

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質問 # 199
A discount retailer of basic household necessities employs thousands of people and pays most of them at the minimum wage rate. Yet following a federally mandated increase of the minimum wage rate that increased the retailer's operating costs considerably, the retailer's profits increased markedly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox?

A. The majority of the retailer's employees work as cashiers, and most cashiers are paid the minimum wage.
B. The retailer's customer base is made up primarily of people who earn, or who depend on the earnings of others who earn, the minimum wage.
C. The retailer's operating costs, other than wages, increased substantially after the increase in the minimum wage rate went into effect.
D. When the increase in the minimum wage rate went into effect, the retailer also raised the wage rate for employees who had been earning just above minimum wage.
E. Over half of the retailer's operating costs consist of payroll expenditures; yet only a small percentage of those expenditures go to pay management salaries.

正解：B

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 200
Which of the following is most strongly supported by the findings of the Harms study?

A. Well-made documentaries contain significantly more visuospatial content than emotional content.
B. The seats preferred by most left-handed people attending a movie are on the opposite side of the theater from those preferred by most right-handed people.
C. In theaters full to capacity and with left-right symmetry in their seating diagram, not a audience members get to sit on the side of the theater they most favor.
D. The seating choices of those attending a movie, regardless of the genre, have little impact on how well the movie is understood.
E. Right-handed people shown a seating plan tend to choose seats on the right side of the seating diagram whether it shows the front seats at the top or the bottom.

正解：C

解説：
Explanation
Despite overall physiological bilateral symmetry, many species exhibit
lateralized biases, i.e., preferences for right- or left-oriented behavior. When approaching prey, for example, some predator species favor their right eye; some prey species respond more quickly when their left eye detects a predator. Similar behavioral asymmetries occur in humans. Most notable is right- and lefthandedness; less notable is the tendency to turn right when entering a room.
Paul Farnsworth found that more successful students tended to choose seats near the front, a little to the right. He arqued that external factors such as teacher location might have affected this lateral bias. But it is now known that processing differences between the two brain hemispheres can also contribute to behavioral asymmetries.
George Karev found that when presented with a movie theater seating
diagram, right-handed people were more likely than left-handed people to choose a seat on the right, facing front. But he hypothesized that, since the right hemisphere processes visuospatial and emotional information, the people who chose right-side seats did so because that would put the screen in their left visual field, optimizing information flow to the right hemisphere.
Although the right hemisphere is thought to be dominant in processing
emotion, some evidence suggests that the left hemisphere plays a role. The valence model proposes that the left and right hemispheres process positive and negative emotion respectively, while the approach-withdrawal model posits that the left hemisphere processes emotion expressed in approach behavior and the right hemisphere processes emotion expressed in withdrawal behavior.
Victoria Harms and colleagues suggested that since a paper seating plan was used in the theater-seating studies by Karev and others, the exhibited preference might be due simply to handedness: people choose the same side of the paper as their favored hand. Consequently, the Harms research was designed to study choices in an actual movie theater. Also, hoping to distinguish between various explanations, they studied seating choices for comedies (presumed to contain positive emotional content), dramas (presumed to contain negative emotional content), and documentaries (presumed to have balanced emotional content).
They found significant-though not universal-preference for seats on the right, facing front, regardless of movie genre and of handedness.

質問 # 201
In the past year, there has been a large drop in the number of new cars sold, due to harsh economic conditions in the marketplace and high taxes. At the same time, the average price paid for a new car has risen dramatically.
Which of the following, if true, best explains the increase in the average price of a new car?

A. Economic conditions are expected to get significantly worse before the end of the year.
B. The price of used cars has climbed steadily over the past ten years.
C. The market for expensive car has been unaffected by the current economic conditions.
D. Low demand for trucks and vans has led to lower production in the factories.
E. There will be a tax reduction later in the year which is expected to aid moderate and low income families.

正解：C

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 202
Merco has been in business longer than Nolen. Inc, Olean Industries was founded years before the Potter Company, and the Potter Company was started years after the Quarles Corporation. Nolen, Inc., and the Quarles Corporation were founded in the same year.
If the information above is true, which of the following must also be true?

A. Nolen, Inc., has not been in business for as many years as Olean Industries.
B. Olean Industries has been in business for more years than the Quarles Corporation.
C. Merco has been in business for more years than the Potter Company.
D. Olean Industries has been in business for more years than Merco.
E. Nolen, Inc., has not been in business for as many years as the Potter Company.

正解：C

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 203
When the government of a nation announced recently that a leader of the nation's political opposition had died of a mysterious illness in prison, few seasoned observers of the regime were surprised. As the police captain in an old movie remarked when asked about the condition of a prisoner, "We're trying to decide whether he committed suicide or died trying to escape." The statements above invite which of the following conclusions?

A. It is unlikely that the head of the regime knows the true cause of the opposition leader's death.
B. The opposition leader probably killed himself.
C. The regime very likely was responsible for the death of the opposition leader.
D. The opposition leader may not be dead at all.
E. The opposition leader was probably killed trying to escape from prison.

正解：C

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 204
For a generation of suppressed, restless, working-class youths living in 1960 Jamaica, ska was a medium through which they could find expression. Since its original appearance, ska has resurfaced twice, each time presenting itself in a different guise to a new generation of music aficionados. Overcoming its humble beginnings, it has become one of the twentieth century's most enduring and influential styles of music.
Since the early 1940's, Jamaica had adopted and adapted many forms of American musical styles. The predominantly black inhabitants of Jamaica took a liking to rhythm and blues music, importing a considerable number of American records that were showcased at dance halls in the early 1960s.
Jamaican musicians took up the elements of rhythm and blues and combined it with traditional Jamaican mento music. The result was the first wave of ska. Musically, ska is a shuffle rhythm similar to mento but with even closer ties to rhythm and blues, placing the accent on the second and fourth beats, often moving in a 12-bar blues frame. The after beat, played on the piano or strummed by a rhythm guitar, came to be characteristic of the form. A horn section, usually consisting of trumpets, trombones, and saxophones, was a vital element. Classic bands, such as the Wailers wrote songs written about Trench Town (a ghetto), rude boys (street thugs), romance, and even religious themes. In 1965, ska began to take a backseat to a newly evolved type of music, called rock steady, which was more dependent than ska had been on rhythm provided by the bass guitar and drums.
Ska was later exported by traveling Jamaican artists to Great Britain, where it became known as "blue beat." By the mid 1970's, early British punk bands were infusing reggae, a style of music that came from rock steady, into their music. Near the end of the decade, however, there was a resurgence of the influence of ska because of its upbeat, danceable rhythm. This faster paced ska came to be known as two tone. One of the essential messages of two-tone ska was the promotion of racial harmony and of having fun in the face of subjugation.
The third wave of ska began in America around 1990. Bands influenced by the two-tone ska scene began to use punk and metal music to a greater extent. The combination, which is much faster than two tone, sounds very different from the original Jamaican brand of ska.
In its three different waves, ska has given voice to seemingly voiceless, downtrodden generations. Each time it resurfaces, a new message is taken up; however, the old messages are never forgotten Which of the following statements about ska music is supported by information in the passage?

A. Rock steady is more dependent than ska on the rhythm provided by the bass guitar and drums.
B. Reggae, which counts ska as one of its primary influences, developed only after it was exported by traveling Jamaican artists to Great Britain
C. Ska's appeal over the last half century has been limited to voiceless, downtrodden generations.
D. Two-tone is a faster paced form of ska that developed in the late 1970s
E. Mento music places the accent on the second and fourth beats, often moving in a 12-bar blues-frame.

正解：D

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is D.
In paragraph four, it says that this faster paced ska came to be known as two tone

質問 # 205
Drinking milk enriched with vitamin D may significantly reduce the risk of rickets and also aid for sufferers of heart disease, according to studies recently completed at the University of California in San Francisco.

A. significantly reduce the risk of rickets and also aid for
B. be significant in reducing the risk of rickets and aid for
C. cause a significant reduction in the risk of rickets and aid to
D. significantly reduce the risk of rickets as well as aiding
E. significantly reduce the risk of rickets and aid

正解：A

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is A.
It is the distortion between how the person really is and how he perceives himself that is the most important factor, as opposed to the level of self-perception itself.

質問 # 206
Which of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

A. Researchers have invented a process to cloak objects from microwaves through the use of a novel engineered material that bends microwaves at extreme angles.
B. Researchers inspired by observing mirages on hot roads have applied the underlying physical principles to develop a new process to cloak objects from microwaves.
C. The movement of EMR around an object can be controlled by metal shapes like loops, coils, or tiny rectangles.
D. Microwaves and visible light both conform to a set of physical laws that explain mirages on hot roads.
E. Both the occurrence of mirages on hot roads and the cloaking of microwaves through a newly invented process result from the bending of light at extreme angles.

正解：B

解説：
Explanation
Consider a mirage on a hot toad: when light rays hit the hot air just above the surface, they bend. Although light moves through a vacuum at a certain constant speed, it moves more slowly through any transparent medium, such as water or gas. Light travels faster in the thin air near the road than it does in the colder, denser air above, and the difference in speed makes it shift direction as it crosses the boundary between the two. Rays once headed downwards from the sky are redirected to your eye, hiding part of the road with a shimmering image.
A research team has constructed an apparatus to cloak an object from electromagnetic radiation (EMR)-in this case, microwaves-making the object "invisible" to microwave-based detection devices, somewhat as a mirage on a hot road makes the road invisible. The apparatus bends incoming microwaves around the object, using a class of recently created metamaterials-materials that gain certain desired properties directly from their engineered structures rather than from their composition. These metamaterials possess the ability, not found in nature, to bend microwaves at extreme angles. The metamaterial in this case-thin, rigid sheets of fiberglass insulator stamped with conducting loops, coils, and tiny rectangles-was designed to control the movement of incoming EMR.

質問 # 207
A motorist passing through an unfamiliar city needs to fill her car's fuel tank soon, well before she leaves the city, and needs to minimize her expenses. Nearby is the King Petrol station, offering the correct fuel for 2.OX) euros per liter. She has seen about one petrol station every 2 kilometers (km) of driving, on average, though distances vary. Prices at different petrol stations appear to vary randomly by up to 10%: roughly 2 km behind her in her journey she saw the correct fuel for 1.81 euros per liter. The fuel efficiency of her car under the current driving conditions is about 10 liters per 100 km. She could get a small amount of fuel at one station to allow her to drive to another station within the city.
On the basis of the information in the passage, select for Reason to stop the factor that most clearly provides a logical reason for the motorist to stop at the King Petrol station. And select for Reason not to stop the factor that most clearly provides a logical reason for the motorist not to stop at the King Petrol station. Make only two selections, one in each column.

正解：

解説：

Explanation

質問 # 208
The first science-fiction novel, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, actually contains very little science, but it masterfully explores the social and moral repercussions of what might happen if certain scientific advances were possible.

A. but it masterfully explores repercussions, social and moral in nature, of what might happen
B. but, exploring the social and moral repercussions, it masterfully considers what might happen
C. but it masterfully explores the social and moral repercussions of what might happen
D. but it masterfully explores what are the social and moral repercussions
E. but it explores in a masterful way the social and moral repercussions of what might happen

正解：C

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This is the most concise, precise, and correct choice. Choice b is wordy, using the phrase in a masterful way instead of masterfully. Choice c uses awkward word order that requires the addition of a verb (considers) because explores is moved to before the subject. Choice d is wordy as the result of moving social and moral from their position directly before the noun they modify. Choice e awkwardly places what are after explores and deletes the important idea of possibility conveyed by of what might happen.

質問 # 209
Critics of sales seminars run by outside consultants point out that since 1987, revenues of vacuum cleaner companies whose employees attended consultant-led seminars were lower than revenues of vacuum cleaner companies whose employees did not attend such seminars. The critics charge that for vacuum cleaner companies, the sales seminars are ill conceived and a waste of money.
Which of the following, if true, is the most effective challenge to the critics of sales seminars?

A. Since 1987, sales of vacuum cleaners have risen twenty percent.
B. Vacuum cleaner companies that have sent employees to sales seminars since 1987 experienced a greater drop in sales than they had prior to 1987.
C. Those vacuum cleaner companies whose sales were highest prior to 1987 are the only companies that did not send employees to the seminars.
D. The poor design of vacuum cleaner sales seminars is not the only reason for their ineffectiveness.
E. The cost of vacuum cleaner sales seminars run by outside consultants has risen dramatically since
1987.

正解：C

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 210
Many companies today are making new product development a central element of their competitive strategy.
Because the potential benefits of successful product innovation are great-prolonged growth, superior financial returns, and strong investor interest-many companies offer employees incentives such as promotions and bonuses for developing new products, incentives not offered for innovations in other areas of the business, firms' priorities can also be shaped by their measurement systems, since these systems can directly measure returns from new products more immediately than they can measure returns from investments in such areas as organizational restructuring or innovations in marketing.
But the organizational culture of such companies can hurt them in the marketplace because a narrow focus on product development can ultimately detract from a firm's performance. For instance, a company's ability to profit from new products can be severely hampered if it has neglected other functions and business processes.
If a company develops a superior new product but is unable to distribute and promote t rapidly, competitors with better distribution systems may copy the product and introduce It into the market before the innovator can profit from its innovation. In contrast, effective distribution, marketing, and accounting systems-that is, strong overall business systems -can act as entry barriers, deterring would-be competitors from entering a particular It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about organizational culture?

A. Many companies' organizational cultures are such that employee contributions in certain areas that might enhance those companies' competitiveness are not rewarded.
B. Organizational culture is the primary determinant of a company's competitive position in a given market.
C. The narrowness of many companies' organizational cultures is evident in those companies' failure to reward sufficiently those employees who help to develop successful new products.
D. The nature of a company's organizational culture tends to be more evident in Is distribution system than in its degree of commitment to new product development.
E. A company's organizational culture is likely to undergo significant change if the company is able to develop a new product and market it successfully.

正解：D

質問 # 211
The passage most clearly indicates that which of the following types of evidence has been cited to support each of the theories mentioned in the first paragraph?

A. Similarities among the vocabularies of different Indo-European languages
B. Archaeological evidence suggesting when proto-Indo-European split into different Indo-European languages
C. The archeclogically-established migration patterns of ancient peoples who spoke a language ancestral to all Indo-European languages
D. The known historical geographical ranges of Indo-European languages
E. Statistical calculations of the likely relationships among Indo-European languages

正解：A

解説：
Explanation
The following is based on an article published in 2012.
Most linguists believe proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of all Indo-European languages, was the language of chariot-driving pastoralists who spread through Eurasia from steppes north of the Black Sea about 4,000 years ago. But a competing theory is that proto-Indo-European was spoken by farmers in Anatolia (Asia Minor) about 9,000 years ago, and spread from there along with agriculture.
To evaluate these hypotheses, researchers statistically compared IndoEuropean languages' vocabularies.
Languages with more similar vocabularies are
probably more closely related, sharing more recent common ancestors.
Combining the vocabulary statistics with the known dates when certain languages split, and with their known geographical ranges, a computer calculated the most likely relationships among all Indo-European languages and concluded that protoIndo-European probably originated in Anatolia 9,000 years ago.
Disputing this conclusion, skeptics argue that most Indo-European languages are similar in their words pertaining to chariots and wagons, suggesting protoIndo-European split into daughter languages only after chariots and wagons were invented. No archaeological evidence indicates that chariots and wagons existed before 5,500 years ago. Furthermore, proto-Indo-European had words for "horse" and "bee" and lent many words to proto-Uralic, the mother language of Finnish and Hungarian. The steppes north of the Black Sea were far closer than Anatolia to areas where proto-Uralic was spoken, and had more abundant wild horses and bees.

質問 # 212

A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

正解：D

質問 # 213
In order to increase revenues, an airport plans to change the parking fees it charges at its hourly parking lots. Rather than charging $2.00 for the first two-hour period, or part thereof, and $1.00 for each hour thereafter, the airport will charge $4.00 for the first four-hour period, or part thereof, and $1.00 for each hour thereafter.
Which of the following is a consideration that, if true, suggests that the plan will be successful in increasing revenues?

A. Very few people who park their cars at the hourly parking lot at the airport leave their cars for more than two hours at a time.
B. People who leave their cars at the airport while on a trip generally park their cars in lots that charge by the day rather than by the hour.
C. The hourly parking lots at the airport have recently been expanded and are therefore rarely filled to capacity.
D. A significant portion of the money spent to operate the airport parking lot is spent to maintain the facilities rather than to pay the salaries of the personnel who collect the parking fees.
E. Over the past several years, the cost to the airport of operating its hourly parking facilities has been greater than the revenues it has received from them.

正解：A

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 214
Contrary to the charges made by some of its opponents, the provisions of the new deficit-reduction law for indiscriminate cuts in the federal budget are justified. Opponents should remember that the New Deal pulled this country out of great economic troubles even though some of its programs were later found to be unconstitutional.
The author's method of attacking the charges of certain opponents of the new deficit-reduction law is to

A. point out that the opponents' claims imply a dilemma
B. show that the New Deal also called for indiscriminate cuts in the federal budget
C. show that the opponents' reasoning leads to an absurd conclusion
D. imply an analogy between the law and some New Deal programs
E. attack the character of the opponents rather than their claim

正解：D

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 215

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the study's results and the researchers' hypotheses?

A. Neither the results in the auction nor the negotiation scenarios are relevant to the researchers' hypotheses.
B. The results in the auction scenario were consistent with the researchers' hypotheses, but the results in the negotiation scenario contradicted the researchers' hypotheses.
C. The results in both the auction and negotiation scenarios contradicted the researchers' hypotheses.
D. The results in the negotiation scenario were consistent with the researchers! hypotheses, but the results in the auction scenario contradicted the researchers' hypotheses.
E. The results in both the auction and negotiation scenarios were consistent with the researchers!
hypotheses.

正解：E

質問 # 216
Last year a company gave bonuses to a number of employees, but only in the three amounts of $750, $1,500, and $7,350. If the total amount of the bonuses was $64,800 and each of the three amounts was given to at least one employee, what is the fewest number of bonuses that the company could have given to employees last year?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4

正解：C

質問 # 217

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

A. Option A
B. Option D
C. Option C
D. Option E
E. Option B

正解：E

質問 # 218

A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
C. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
D. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

正解：A

質問 # 219

The artist has correctly determined that to make the largest possible square grid from the available tiles, she must use all of the except for those in the group of X tiles. Moreover, if she uses all of the tiles except for those in the group with X tiles and those in the group with Y tiles, she could make a smaller square grid.
select for X for Y the values that are consistent with the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

正解：

解説：

質問 # 220

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)
0

A. Option
B. Option
C. Option
D. Option
E. Option

正解：D

質問 # 221
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on

A. the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes
B. computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
C. past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
D. figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
E. the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time

正解：D

解説：
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 # 222
Sales promotions can involve selling a product at a relatively low price or selling the product with a free (or seemingly free) unit of the product, as in "buy one, get one free" campaigns. Research shows that immediately following month-long sales promotions, a postpromotion dip may occur, i.e., sales for the following calendar month may be less than sales for the calendar month preceding the sales promotion.
To increase sales, Storex, a department store, held month-long sales campaigns to promote four of its products. A sales promotion was considered successful if unit sales of the product were at least 10% higher in each of the 2 calendar months immediately following the promotion than In the month preceding it.
Experts have offered explanations for postpromotion dip:
* Explanation I: Many consumers stockpile the product at relatively low cost during the sales promotion.
* Explanation II: "Buy one, get one free" promotions cause some consumers to undervalue the product, making them less likely to buy it following the sales promotion.
* Explanation HI: Many consumers who missed a "buy one, get one free" opportunity may, as a result, develop so-called inaction inertia, i.e., become less likely to buy the product at either the regular or even at a discount price than if the sales promotion had not occurred.

For each of the following actions, select Yes if it is mentioned in at least two of the tabs. Otherwise, select No.