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質問 # 26
In a ZTA, where should policies be created?
- A. Endpoint
- B. Control plane
- C. Network
- D. Data plane
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
In a ZTA, policies should be created in the control plane, which is the logical component that defines and manages the policies for accessing resources. The control plane consists of policy entities, such as policy administrators, policy engines, and policy decision points, that are responsible for crafting, maintaining, evaluating, and enforcing the policies1. Thecontrol plane interacts with the data plane, which is the logical component that handles the data transmission and processing, and the network, which is the physical or virtual component that provides the connectivity and transport for the data plane1. The endpoint is the device or system that requests or provides access to a resource1.
References =
Zero Trust Architecture | NIST
質問 # 27
What measures are needed to detect and stop malicious access
attempts in real-time and prevent damage when using ZTA's
centralized authentication and policy enforcement?
- A. Network segregation
- B. Audit logging and monitoring
- C. Dynamic access policies
- D. Dynamic firewall policies
正解：C
質問 # 28
SDP incorporates single-packet authorization (SPA). After
successful authentication and authorization, what does the client
usually do next? Select the best answer.
- A. Generates an SPA packet and sends it to the gateway.
- B. Generates an SPA packet and sends it to the controller.
- C. Generates an SPA packet and sends it to the initiating host.
- D. Generates an SPA packet and sends it to the accepting host.
正解：D
解説：
In the context of a Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) that incorporates Single Packet Authorization (SPA), after successful authentication and authorization, the client typically generates an SPA packet and sends it to the accepting host. This process involves the client creating a specially crafted packet that is designed to be recognized by the accepting host's SDP gateway. Upon receiving and validating the SPA packet, the gateway allows the client to establish a connection to the designated services or resources. This mechanism ensures that only authorized clients can initiate connections, enhancing security by preventing unauthorized access.
質問 # 29
What is a server exploitation threat that SDP features (server isolation, single packet authorization [SPA], and dynamic drop-all firewalls) protect against?
- A. Certificate forgery attacks
- B. Phishing attacks
- C. Denial of service (DoS)/distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks
- D. Domain name system (DNS) poisoning attacks
正解：C
解説：
Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) features such as server isolation, single packet authorization (SPA), and dynamic drop-all firewalls are designed to protect against a range of threats, including Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. These SDP capabilities help to shield servers from unwanted or malicious traffic by ensuring that only authenticated and authorized users can establish connections. By minimizing the server's exposure to the internet and reducing its attack surface, SDP effectively mitigates the risk of DoS/DDoS attacks, which aim to overwhelm servers with excessive traffic, thereby ensuring the availability and reliability of critical services within a Zero Trust framework.
質問 # 30
Which component in a ZTA is responsible for deciding whether to
grant access to a resource?
- A. The policy component
- B. The policy administrator (PA)
- C. The policy enforcement point (PEP)
- D. The policy engine (PE)
正解：D
解説：
The policy engine (PE) is the component in a ZTA that is responsible for deciding whether to grant access to a resource. The PE evaluates the policies and the contextual data collected from various sources, such as the user identity, the device posture, the network location, the resource attributes, and the environmental factors, and then generates an access decision. The PE communicates the access decision to the policy enforcement point (PEP), which enforces the decision on the resource.
References =
* Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 14, section 2.2.2
* What Is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? - F5, section "Policy Engine"
* What is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? | NextLabs, section "Core Components"
* [SP 800-207, Zero Trust Architecture], page 11, section 3.3.1
質問 # 31
Which element of ZT focuses on the governance rules that define
the "who, what, when, how, and why" aspects of accessing target
resources?
- A. Never trust, always verify
- B. Scrutinize explicitly
- C. Policy
- D. Data sources
正解：C
解説：
Policy is the element of ZT that focuses on the governance rules that define the "who, what, when, how, and why" aspects of accessing target resources. Policy is the core component of a ZTA that determines the access decisions and controls for each request based on various attributes and factors, such as user identity, device posture, network location, resource sensitivity, and environmental context. Policy is also the element that enables the ZT principles of "never trust, always verify" and "scrutinize explicitly" by enforcing granular, dynamic, and data-driven rules for each access request.
References =
* Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 14, section 2.2.2
* What Is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? - F5, section "Policy Engine"
* Zero Trust Architecture Project - NIST Computer Security Resource Center, slide 9
* [Zero Trust Frameworks Architecture Guide - Cisco], page 4, section "Policy Decision Point"
質問 # 32
Scenario: As a ZTA security administrator, you aim to enforce the
principle of least privilege for private cloud network access. Which
ZTA policy entity is mainly responsible for crafting and maintaining
these policies?
- A. Policy enforcement point (PEP)
- B. Gateway enforcing access policies
- C. Policy administrator (PA)
- D. Policy decision point (PDP)
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
A policy administrator (PA) is a ZTA policy entity that is responsible for crafting and maintaining the policies that govern the access to resources in a ZT environment1. A PA defines the rules and conditions that specify who, what, when, where, and how an entity can access a resource, based on the principle of least privilege2. A PA also updates and reviews the policies periodically to ensure they are aligned with the changing business and security requirements3.
References =
Zero Trust Architecture | NIST
Zero Trust Architecture: Policy Engine and Policy Administrator
Zero Trust Architecture: Policy Administration
質問 # 33
Which activity of the ZT implementation preparation phase ensures
the resiliency of the organization's operations in the event of
disruption?
- A. Change management process
- B. Business continuity and disaster recovery
- C. Compliance
- D. Visibility and analytics
正解：B
解説：
Business continuity and disaster recovery are the activities of the ZT implementation preparation phase that ensure the resiliency of the organization's operations in the event of disruption. Business continuity refers to the process of maintaining or restoring the essential functions of the organization during and after a crisis, such as a natural disaster, a cyberattack, or a pandemic. Disaster recovery refers to the process of recovering the IT systems, data, and infrastructure that support the business continuity. ZT implementation requires planning and testing the business continuity and disaster recovery strategies and procedures, as well as aligning them with the ZT policies and controls.
References =
* Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section "Monitor & Measure"
* Zero Trust architecture: a paradigm shift in cybersecurity - PwC, section "Continuous monitoring and improvement"
* Zero Trust Implementation, section "Outline Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) implementation steps"
質問 # 34
When planning for ZT implementation, who will determine valid
users, roles, and privileges for accessing data as part of data
governance?
- A. Application owners
- B. IT teams
- C. Compliance officers
- D. Asset owners
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Asset owners are the ones who will determine valid users, roles, and privileges for accessing data as part of data governance. Asset owners are responsible for defining the data classification, sensitivity, and ownership of the data assets they own. They also have the authority to grant or revoke access to the data assets based on the business needs and the Zero Trust policies.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 2: Data and Asset Classification
質問 # 35
What is one of the key purposes of leveraging visibility & analytics
capabilities in a ZTA?
- A. Continually evaluating user behavior against a baseline to identify unusual actions.
- B. Ensuring device compatibility with legacy applications.
- C. Enhancing network performance for faster data access.
- D. Automatically granting access to all requested applications and
data.
正解：A
解説：
One of the key purposes of leveraging visibility & analytics capabilities in a ZTA is to continually evaluate user behavior against a baseline to identify unusual actions. This helps to detect and respond to potential threats, anomalies, and deviations from the normal patterns of user activity. Visibility & analytics capabilities also enable the collection and analysis of telemetry data across all the core pillars of ZTA, such as user, device, network, application, and data, and provide insights for policy enforcement and improvement.
References =
* Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 15, section 2.2.3
* Zero Trust for Government Networks: 4 Steps You Need to Know, section "Continuously verify trust with visibility & analytics"
* The role of visibility and analytics in zero trust architectures, section "The basic NIST tenets of this approach include"
* What is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? | NextLabs, section "With real-time access control, users are reliably verified and authenticated before each session"
質問 # 36
Which vital ZTA component enhances network security and
simplifies management by creating boundaries between resources
in the same network zone?
- A. Micro-segmentation
- B. Session establishment or termination
- C. Authentication request/validation request (AR/VR)
- D. Decision transmission
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Micro-segmentation is a vital ZTA component that enhances network security and simplifies management by creating boundaries between resources in the same network zone. Micro-segmentation divides the network into smaller segments or zones based on the attributes and context of the resources, such as data sensitivity, application functionality, user roles, etc. Micro-segmentation helps to isolate and protect the resources from unauthorized access and lateral movement of attackers within the same network zone.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 6: Micro-segmentation
質問 # 37
Scenario: A multinational org uses ZTA to enhance security. They
collaborate with third-party service providers for remote access to
specific resources. How can ZTA policies authenticate third-party
users and devices for accessing resources?
- A. ZTA policies can be configured to authenticate third-party users
and their devices, determining the necessary access privileges for
resources while concealing all other assets to minimize the attack
surface. - B. ZTA policies should primarily educate users about secure practices
and promote strong authentication for services accessed via mobile
devices to prevent data compromise. - C. ZTA policies can implement robust encryption and secure access
controls to prevent access to services from stolen devices, ensuring
that only legitimate users can access mobile services. - D. ZTA policies should prioritize securing remote users through
technologies like virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) and corporate
cloud workstation resources to reduce the risk of lateral movement via
compromised access controls.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
ZTA is based on the principle of never trusting any user or device by default, regardless of their location or ownership. ZTA policies can use various methods to verify the identity and context of third-party users and devices, such as tokens, certificates, multifactor authentication, device posture assessment, etc. ZTA policies can also enforce granular and dynamic access policies that grant the minimum necessary privileges to third-party users and devices for accessing specific resources, while hiding all other assets from their view.
This reduces the attack surface and prevents unauthorized access and lateral movement within the network.
質問 # 38
In a continual improvement model, who maintains the ZT policies?
- A. System administrators
- B. Server administrators
- C. Policy administrators
- D. ZT administrators
正解：D
解説：
In a continual improvement model, policy administrators are the ones who maintain the ZT policies. Policy administrators are ZTA policy entities that are responsible for crafting and maintaining the policies that govern the access to resources in a ZT environment1. Policy administrators define the rules and conditions that specify who, what, when, where, and how an entity can access a resource, based on the principle of least privilege2. Policy administrators also update and review the policies periodically to ensure they are aligned with the changing business and security requirements3.
References =
* Zero Trust Architecture | NIST
* Zero Trust Architecture: Policy Engine and Policy Administrator
* Zero Trust Architecture: Policy Administration
質問 # 39
Scenario: An organization is conducting a gap analysis as a part of
its ZT planning. During which of the following steps will risk
appetite be defined?
- A. Determine the current state
- B. Create a roadmap
- C. Define requirements
- D. Determine the target state
正解：D
解説：
During the gap analysis phase of Zero Trust (ZT) planning, risk appetite is typically defined when determining the target state. This step involves setting the desired security goals and objectives, taking into account the organization's tolerance for risk. Defining the risk appetite helps in aligning the ZT initiatives with the organization's broader risk management strategy, ensuring that the security measures are both effective and aligned with business objectives.
質問 # 40
Optimal compliance posture is mainly achieved through two key ZT
features:_____ and_____
- A. (1) Principle of least privilege (2) Verifying remote access
connections - B. (1) Never trusting (2) Reducing the attack surface
- C. (1) Discovery (2) Mapping access controls and network assets
- D. (1) Authentication (2) Authorization of all networked assets
正解：D
解説：
Optimal compliance posture in a Zero Trust environment is primarily achieved through rigorous authentication and authorization of all networked assets. Zero Trust operates on the principle of "never trust, always verify," which necessitates robust authentication mechanisms to verify the identity of users and devices. Following authentication, authorization ensures that each authenticated entity has explicit permission to access only the resources necessary for its function, aligning with the principle of least privilege. These practices ensure a secure and compliant posture by minimizing the attack surface and reducing the risk of unauthorized access.
質問 # 41
Which architectural consideration needs to be taken into account
while deploying SDP? Select the best answer.
- A. How SDP deployment fits into external vendor assessment.
- B. How SDP deployment fits into application validation.
- C. How SDP deployment fits into existing human resource
management systems. - D. How SDP deployment fits into existing network topologies and
technologies.
正解：D
解説：
A key architectural consideration that needs to be taken into account while deploying SDP is how SDP deployment fits into existing network topologies and technologies. This is because SDP deployment may require changes or adaptations to the existing network infrastructure, such as routers, switches, firewalls, VPNs, etc. SDP deployment may also affect the network performance, availability, scalability, and resilience.
Therefore, it is important to assess the impact and compatibility of SDP deployment with the existing network topologies and technologies, and to plan and design the SDP deployment accordingly.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 7: Network Infrastructure and SDP
質問 # 42
When implementing ZTA, why is it important to collect logs from
different log sources?
- A. Collecting logs supports micro-segmentation, device security, and
governance. - B. Collecting logs supports investigations, dashboard creation, and
policy adjustments. - C. Collecting logs supports change management, incident
management, visibility and analytics. - D. Collecting logs supports recording transaction flows, mapping
transaction flows, and detecting changes in transaction flows.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Log collection is an essential component of ZTA, as it provides the data needed to monitor, audit, and improve the security posture of the network. By collecting logs from different sources, such as devices, applications, firewalls, gateways, and policies, ZTA can support various functions, such as:
Change management: Logs can help track and document any changes made to the network configuration, policies, or resources, and assess their impact on the security and performance of the network. Logs can also help identify and revert any unauthorized or erroneous changes that may compromise the network integrity1.
Incident management: Logs can help detect and respond to any security incidents, such as breaches, attacks, or anomalies, that may occur in the network. Logs can provide the evidence and context needed to investigate the root cause, scope, and impact of the incident, and to take appropriate remediation actions2.
Visibility and analytics: Logs can help provide a comprehensive and granular view of the network activity, performance, and behavior. Logs can be used to generate dashboards, reports, and alerts that can help measure and improve the network security and efficiency. Logs can also be used to apply advanced analytics techniques, such as machine learning, to identify patterns, trends, and insights that can help optimize the network operations and security3.
References =
Zero Trust Architecture: Data Sources
Zero Trust Architecture: Incident Response
Zero Trust Architecture: Visibility and Analytics
質問 # 43
What steps should organizations take to strengthen access
requirements and protect their resources from unauthorized access
by potential cyber threats?
- A. Identify the relevant architecture capabilities and components that
could impact ZT - B. Update controls for assets impacted by ZT
- C. Understand and identify the data and assets that need to be
protected - D. Implement user-based certificates for authentication
正解：C
解説：
The first step that organizations should take to strengthen access requirements and protect their resources from unauthorized access by potential cyber threats is to understand and identify the data and assets that need to be protected. This step involves conducting a data and asset inventory and classification, which helps to determine the value, sensitivity, ownership, and location of the data and assets. By understanding and identifying the data and assets that need to be protected, organizations can define the appropriate access policies and controls based on the Zero Trust principles of never trust, always verify, and assume breach.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 2: Data and Asset Classification
質問 # 44
When kicking off ZT planning, what is the first step for an
organization in defining priorities?
- A. Identifying the data and assets
- B. Determine current state
- C. Define the scope
- D. Define a business case
正解：C
解説：
The first step in Zero Trust planning for an organization is to define the scope of the initiative. This involves determining which systems, networks, and data will be covered by the Zero Trust policies and what the specific objectives are. A clearly defined scope helps in prioritizing efforts, allocating resources effectively, and setting clear goals for what the Zero Trust implementation aims to achieve.
質問 # 45
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