[2024年06月] 問題集簡単概要CCAK試験問題Fast2test [Q77-Q100]

[2024年06月] 問題集簡単概要CCAK試験問題Fast2test

CCAKトレーニング認証最新版をゲットCloud Security Alliance

質問 # 77
Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) controls can be used by cloud customers to:

• A. develop new security baselines for the industry.
• B. define different control frameworks for different cloud service providers.
• C. build an operational cloud risk management program.
• D. facilitate communication with their legal department.

正解：C

解説：
The Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) is a cybersecurity control framework for cloud computing that can be used by cloud customers to build an operational cloud risk management program. The CCM provides guidance on which security controls should be implemented by which actor within the cloud supply chain, and maps the controls to industry-accepted security standards, regulations, and frameworks. The CCM can help cloud customers to assess the security posture of their cloud service providers, document their own responsibilities and requirements, and establish a baseline for cloud security assurance and compliance. References :=
* Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) - CSA1
* What is the Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)? - Cloud Security Alliance2
* Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, Chapter 5: Cloud Assurance Frameworks

質問 # 78
During an audit it was identified that a critical application hosted in an off-premises cloud is not part of the organization's DRP (Disaster Recovery Plan). Management stated that it is responsible for ensuring that the cloud service provider (CSP) has a plan that is tested annually. What should be the auditor's NEXT course of action?

• A. Review the contract and DR capability.
• B. Review the security white paper of the CSP.
• C. Plan an audit of the CSP.
• D. Review the CSP audit reports.

正解：B

質問 # 79
Which of the following has the MOST substantial impact on how aggressive or conservative the cloud approach of an organization will be?

• A. Internal policies and technical standards
• B. Risk appetite and budget constraints
• C. Applicable laws and regulations
• D. Risk scoring criteria

正解：B

解説：
Explanation
Risk appetite and budget constraints have the most substantial impact on how aggressive or conservative the cloud approach of an organization will be. Risk appetite is the amount and type of risk that an organization is willing to accept in pursuit of its objectives. Budget constraints are the limitations on the financial resources that an organization can allocate to its cloud initiatives. Both factors influence the organization's strategic decisions on which cloud service models, deployment models, providers, and solutions to adopt, as well as the level of security, compliance, and performance to achieve. An organization with a high risk appetite and a large budget may opt for a more aggressive cloud approach, such as moving critical applications and data to a public cloud provider, while an organization with a low risk appetite and a small budget may opt for a more conservative cloud approach, such as keeping sensitive information on-premises or using a private cloud provider12.
References:
ISACA, Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, 2021, p. 17-18.
CSA, Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) v4.0, 2021, p. 63.

質問 # 80
A contract containing the phrase "You automatically consent to these terms by using or logging into the service to which they pertain" is establishing a contract of:

• A. exclusion.
• B. exclusivity.
• C. adhesion.
• D. execution.

正解：C

解説：
Explanation
A contract containing the phrase "You automatically consent to these terms by using or logging into the service to which they pertain" is establishing a contract of adhesion. A contract of adhesion is a type of legal agreement that involves one party setting the terms and conditions and the other party having no choice but to accept or reject them without bargaining. These contracts are often used in situations where one party has more power or resources than the other, such as in online services, insurance, leases, or consumer credit. These contracts may be unfair or unclear to the weaker party and may be challenged in court for unconscionability or ambiguity12.
References:
adhesion contract | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
What is a contract of adhesion? A complete guide - PandaDoc

質問 # 81
What areas should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud?

• A. Identity and access management (IAM) and data protection
• B. Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews
• C. Patching and configuration
• D. Source code reviews and hypervisor

正解：A

解説：
Identity and access management (IAM) and data protection are the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are the key aspects of cloud security and compliance that affect both the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer. IAM and data protection refer to the methods and techniques that ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and resources in the cloud environment. IAM involves the use of credentials, policies, roles, permissions, and tokens to verify the identity and access rights of users or devices. Data protection involves the use of encryption, backup, recovery, deletion, and retention to protect data from unauthorized access, modification, loss, or disclosure123.
Patching and configuration (A) are not the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are not the key aspects of cloud security and compliance that affect both the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer. Patching and configuration refer to the processes and practices that ensure the security, reliability, and performance of the cloud infrastructure, platform, or software. Patching involves the use of updates or fixes to address vulnerabilities, bugs, errors, or exploits that may compromise or affect the functionality of the cloud components. Configuration involves the use of settings or parameters to customize or optimize the functionality of the cloud components. Patching and configuration are mainly under the responsibility of the cloud service provider, as they own and operate the cloud infrastructure, platform, or software. The cloud service customer has limited or no access or control over these aspects123.
Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews (B) are not the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are not specific or measurable aspects of cloud security and compliance that can be easily audited or tested. Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews refer to the processes and practices that identify, assess, treat, monitor, and report on the risks that affect the security posture of an organization or a domain. Vulnerability management involves the use of tools or techniques to scan, analyze, prioritize, remediate, or mitigate vulnerabilities that may expose an organization or a domain to threats or attacks. Cyber security reviews involve the use of tools or techniques to evaluate, measure, benchmark, or improve the security capabilities or maturity of an organization or a domain. Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews are general or broad terms that encompass various aspects of cloud security and compliance, such as IAM, data protection, patching, configuration, etc. Therefore, they are not specific or measurable areas that can be audited or tested individually123.
Source code reviews and hypervisor (D) are not the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are not relevant or accessible aspects of cloud security and compliance for most cloud service customers. Source code reviews refer to the processes and practices that examine the source code of software applications or systems to identify errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, or inefficiencies that may affect their quality, functionality, or security. Hypervisor refers to the software that allows the creation and management of virtual machines on a physical server. Source code reviews and hypervisor are mainly under the responsibility of the cloud service provider, as they own and operate the software applications or systems that deliver cloud services. The cloud service customer has no access or control over these aspects123. References :=
* Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Providers - Cloud Standards ...
* Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Customers - Cloud Standards ...
* Cloud Auditing Knowledge: Preparing for the CCAK Certificate Exam

質問 # 82
When building a cloud governance model, which of the following requirements will focus more on the cloud service provider's evaluation and control checklist?

• A. Legal requirements
• B. Security requirements
• C. Compliance requirements
• D. Operational requirements

正解：D

質問 # 83
APIs and web services require extensive hardening and must assume attacks from authenticated and unauthenticated adversaries.

• A. False
• B. True

正解：B

質問 # 84
A cloud service provider providing cloud services currently being used by the United States federal government should obtain which of the following to assure compliance to stringent government standards?

• A. FedRAMP Authorization
• B. CSA STAR Level Certificate
• C. Multi-Tier Cloud Security (MTCS) Attestation
• D. ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Certification

正解：A

解説：
A cloud service provider (CSP) providing cloud services currently being used by the United States federal government should obtain FedRAMP Authorization to assure compliance to stringent government standards.
FedRAMP is a government-wide program that provides a standardized approach to security assessment, authorization, and continuous monitoring for cloud products and services. FedRAMP enables agencies to leverage the security assessments of CSPs that have been approved by FedRAMP, and establishes a baseline set of security controls for cloud computing, based on NIST SP 800-53. FedRAMP also helps CSPs to demonstrate their compliance with relevant laws and regulations, such as FISMA, FIPS, and NIST standards. FedRAMP Authorization can be obtained through two paths: a provisional authorization from the Joint Authorization Board (JAB) or an authorization from an individual agency12.
The other options are incorrect because:
* A. CSA STAR Level Certificate: CSA STAR is a program for security assurance in the cloud that encompasses key principles of transparency, rigorous auditing, and harmonization of standards. CSA STAR Level Certificate is one of the certification options offered by CSA STAR, which is based on the ISO/IEC 27001 standard and the CSA Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM). CSA STAR Level Certificate is not specific to the US federal government standards, and does not guarantee compliance with FedRAMP requirements3.
* B. Multi-Tier Cloud Security (MTCS) Attestation: MTCS is a cloud security standard developed by the Singapore government to provide greater clarity and transparency on the level of security offered by different CSPs. MTCS defines three levels of security controls for CSPs: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3, with Level 3 being the most stringent. MTCS Attestation is a voluntary self-disclosure scheme for CSPs to declare their conformance to the MTCS standard. MTCS Attestation is not applicable to the US federal government standards, and does not ensure compliance with FedRAMP requirements4.
* C. ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Certification: ISO/IEC 27001 is a standard for information security management systems that specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an information security management system within the context of the organization. ISO/IEC 27001 Certification is an independent verification that an organization conforms to the ISO/IEC 27001 standard. ISO/IEC 27001 Certification is not exclusive to cloud computing or the US federal government standards, and does not cover all aspects of FedRAMP requirements5.
References:
* Learn What FedRAMP is All About | FedRAMP | FedRAMP.gov
* How to Become FedRAMP Authorized | FedRAMP.gov
* STAR | CSA
* Multi-Tiered Cloud Security Standard (MTCS SS)
* ISO - ISO/IEC 27001 - Information security management

質問 # 85
It is MOST important for an auditor to be aware that an inventory of assets within a cloud environment:

• A. is fundamental for the security management program
• B. should be mapped only if discovered during the audit.
• C. can be a misleading source of data.
• D. is not fundamental for the security management program, as this is a cloud service.

正解：A

解説：
Explanation
It is most important for an auditor to be aware that an inventory of assets within a cloud environment is fundamental for the security management program. An inventory of assets is a list of all the hardware, software, data, and services that are owned, used, or managed by an organization in the cloud. An inventory of assets helps the organization to identify, classify, and prioritize its cloud resources and to implement appropriate security controls and policies to protect them. An inventory of assets also helps the organization to comply with relevant regulations, standards, and contracts that may apply to its cloud environment.12 An auditor should be aware of the importance of an inventory of assets in the cloud because it provides a baseline for assessing the security posture and compliance status of the organization's cloud environment. An auditor can use the inventory of assets to verify that the organization has a clear and accurate understanding of its cloud resources and their characteristics, such as location, ownership, configuration, dependencies, vulnerabilities, and risks. An auditor can also use the inventory of assets to evaluate whether the organization has implemented adequate security measures and processes to protect its cloud resources from threats and incidents. An auditor can also use the inventory of assets to identify any gaps or weaknesses in the organization's security management program and to provide recommendations for improvement.34 References := Why is IT Asset Inventory Management Critical? - Fresh Security1; Use asset inventory to manage your resources' security posture2; The importance of asset inventory in cybersecurity3; The Importance Of Asset Inventory In Cyber Security And CMDB - Visore4

質問 # 86
CCM: In the CCM tool, "Encryption and Key Management" is an example of which of the following?

• A. Risk Impact
• B. Control Specification
• C. Domain

正解：C

質問 # 87
Which of the following is a cloud-specific security standard?

• A. ISO27017
• B. ISO14001
• C. ISO22301
• D. ISO27701

正解：A

質問 # 88
In an organization, how are policy violations MOST likely to occur?

• A. Deliberately by the ISP
• B. Deliberately by the cloud provider
• C. Deliberately
• D. By accident

正解：D

質問 # 89
An organization employing the Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) to perform a compliance assessment leverages the Scope Applicability direct mapping to:

• A. determine whether the organization can be considered fully compliant with the mapped standards because of the implementation of every CCM Control Specification.
• B. obtain the ISO/IEC 27001 certification from an accredited certification body (CB) following the ISO/IEC 17021-1 standard.
• C. understand which controls encompassed by the CCM may already be partially or fully implemented because of the compliance with other standards.

正解：C

解説：
An organization employing the Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) to perform a compliance assessment leverages the Scope Applicability direct mapping to understand which controls encompassed by the CCM may already be partially or fully implemented because of the compliance with other standards. The Scope Applicability direct mapping is a worksheet within the CCM that maps the CCM control specifications to several standards within the ISO/IEC 27000 series, such as ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27002, ISO/IEC 27017, and ISO/IEC
27018. The mapping helps the organization to identify the commonalities and differences between the CCM and the ISO/IEC standards, and to determine the level of compliance with each standard based on the implementation of the CCM controls. The mapping also helps the organization to avoid duplication of work and to streamline the compliance assessment process.12 References := What you need to know: Transitioning CSA STAR for Cloud Controls Matrix ...1; Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) - CSA3

質問 # 90
Which of the following standards is designed to be used by organizations for cloud services that intend to select controls within the process of implementing an information security management system based on ISO/IEC 27001?

• A. ISO/IEC 27002
• B. NIST SP 800-146
• C. ISO/IEC 27017:2015
• D. Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)

正解：C

解説：
ISO/IEC 27017:2015 is a standard that provides guidelines for information security controls applicable to the provision and use of cloud services by providing additional implementation guidance for relevant controls specified in ISO/IEC 27002, as well as additional controls with implementation guidance that specifically relate to cloud services1. ISO/IEC 27017:2015 is designed to be used by organizations for cloud services that intend to select controls within the process of implementing an information security management system based on ISO/IEC 270011. ISO/IEC 27001 is a standard that specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system within the context of the organization.
ISO/IEC 27002 is a standard that provides a code of practice for information security controls, but it does not provide specific guidance for cloud services. NIST SP 800-146 is a publication that provides an overview of cloud computing, its characteristics, service models, deployment models, and security considerations, but it does not provide a standard for selecting controls for cloud services. CSA CCM is a framework that provides detailed understanding of security concepts and principles that are aligned to the Cloud Security Alliance guidance in 13 domains, but it is not a standard that is based on ISO/IEC 27001. References:
* ISO/IEC 27017:2015
* [ISO/IEC 27001:2013]
* [ISO/IEC 27002:2013]
* [NIST SP 800-146]
* [CSA CCM]

質問 # 91
The MAIN limitation of relying on traditional cloud compliance assurance approaches such as SOC2 attestations is that:

• A. they place responsibility for demonstrating compliance on the vendor organization.
• B. they provide a point-in-time snapshot of an organization's compliance posture.
• C. they can only be performed by skilled cloud audit service providers.
• D. they are subject to change when the regulatory climate changes.

正解：B

解説：
Explanation
Traditional cloud compliance assurance approaches such as SOC2 attestations have the main limitation of providing a point-in-time snapshot of an organization's compliance posture. This means that they only reflect the state of the organization's security and compliance controls at a specific date or period, which may not be representative of the current or future state. Cloud environments are dynamic and constantly changing, and so are the threats and risks that affect them. Therefore, relying on traditional cloud compliance assurance approaches may not provide sufficient or timely assurance that the organization's cloud services and data are adequately protected and compliant with the relevant requirements and standards.12 To overcome this limitation, some organizations adopt continuous cloud compliance assurance approaches, such as continuous monitoring, auditing, and reporting. These approaches enable the organization to collect, analyze, and report on the security and compliance status of its cloud environment in near real-time, using automated tools and processes. Continuous cloud compliance assurance approaches can help the organization to identify and respond to any changes, issues, or incidents that may affect its cloud security and compliance posture, and to maintain a high level of trust and transparency with its stakeholders, customers, and regulators.34 References := What is SOC 2? Complete Guide to SOC 2 Reports | CSA1; Guidance on cloud security assessment and authorization - ITSP.50.105 - Canadian Centre for Cyber Security2; Continuous Compliance:
The Future of Cloud Security | CloudCheckr3; Continuous Compliance: How to Automate Cloud Security Compliance4

質問 # 92
When an organization is moving to the cloud, responsibilities are shared based upon the cloud service provider's model and accountability is:

• A. shared.
• B. avoided.
• C. transferred.
• D. maintained.

正解：D

解説：
Explanation
When an organization is moving to the cloud, responsibilities are shared based upon the cloud service provider's model and accountability is maintained. This means that the organization remains accountable for the security and compliance of its data and applications in the cloud, even if some of the security responsibilities are delegated to the cloud service provider (CSP). The organization cannot transfer or avoid its accountability to the CSP or any other third party, as it is ultimately responsible for its own business outcomes, legal obligations, and reputation. Therefore, the organization must understand the shared responsibility model and which security tasks are handled by the CSP and which tasks are handled by itself. The organization must also monitor and audit the CSP's performance and security, and mitigate any risks or issues that may arise12.
References:
Shared responsibility in the cloud - Microsoft Azure
Understanding the Shared Responsibilities Model in Cloud Services - ISACA

質問 # 93
A large organization with subsidiaries in multiple locations has a business requirement to organize IT systems to have identified resources reside in particular locations with organizational personnel. Which access control method will allow IT personnel to be segregated across the various locations?

• A. Policy Based Access Control
• B. Role Based Access Control
• C. Attribute Based Access Control
• D. Rule Based Access Control

正解：B

質問 # 94
Which of the following is MOST important to manage risk from cloud vendors who might accidentally introduce unnecessary risk to an organization by adding new features to their solutions?

• A. Deploying new features using cloud orchestration tools
• B. Implementing service level agreements (SLAs) around changes to baseline configurations
• C. Performing prior due diligence of the vendor
• D. Establishing responsibility in the vendor contract

正解：B

解説：
Explanation
Implementing service level agreements (SLAs) around changes to baseline configurations is the most important way to manage risk from cloud vendors who might accidentally introduce unnecessary risk to an organization by adding new features to their solutions. A service level agreement (SLA) is a contract or a part of a contract that defines the expected level of service, performance, and quality that a cloud vendor will provide to an organization. An SLA can also specify the roles and responsibilities, the communication channels, the escalation procedures, and the penalties or remedies for non-compliance12.
Implementing SLAs around changes to baseline configurations can help an organization to manage the risk from cloud vendors who might add new features to their solutions without proper testing, validation, or notification. Baseline configurations are the standard or reference settings for a system or a network that are used to measure and maintain its security and performance. Changes to baseline configurations can introduce new vulnerabilities, errors, or incompatibilities that can affect the functionality, availability, or security of the system or network34. Therefore, an SLA can help an organization to ensure that the cloud vendor follows a change management process that includes steps such as risk assessment, impact analysis, approval, documentation, notification, testing, and rollback. An SLA can also help an organization to monitor and verify the changes made by the cloud vendor and to report and resolve any issues or incidents that may arise from them.
The other options are not the most effective ways to manage the risk from cloud vendors who might add new features to their solutions. Option A, deploying new features using cloud orchestration tools, is not a good way to manage the risk because cloud orchestration tools are used to automate and coordinate the deployment and management of complex cloud services and resources. Cloud orchestration tools do not address the issue of whether the new features added by the cloud vendor are necessary, secure, or compatible with the organization's system or network. Option B, performing prior due diligence of the vendor, is not a good way to manage the risk because prior due diligence is a process that involves evaluating and verifying the background, reputation, capabilities, and compliance of a potential cloud vendor before entering into a contract with them. Prior due diligence does not address the issue of how the cloud vendor will handle changes to their solutions after the contract is signed. Option C, establishing responsibility in the vendor contract, is not a good way to manage the risk because establishing responsibility in the vendor contract is a process that involves defining and assigning the roles and obligations of both parties in relation to the cloud service delivery and performance. Establishing responsibility in the vendor contract does not address the issue of how the cloud vendor will communicate and coordinate with the organization about changes to their solutions. References := What is an SLA? Best practices for service-level agreements | CIO1 Service Level Agreements - Cloud Security Alliance2 What is Baseline Configuration? - Definition from Techopedia3 Baseline Configuration - Cloud Security Alliance4 Change Management - Cloud Security Alliance Incident Response - Cloud Security Alliance What is Cloud Orchestration? - Definition from Techopedia Due Diligence - Cloud Security Alliance Contractual Security Requirements - Cloud Security Alliance

質問 # 95
A certification target helps in the formation of a continuous certification framework by incorporating:

• A. scope description and security attributes to be tested.
• B. CSA STAR level 2 attestation.
• C. frequency of evaluating security attributes.
• D. service level objective and service qualitative objective.

正解：D

質問 # 96
An important consideration when performing a remote vulnerability test of a cloud-based application is to

• A. Obtain provider permission for test
• B. Use network layer testing tools exclusively
• C. Use techniques to evade cloud provider's detection systems
• D. Use application layer testing tools exclusively
• E. Schedule vulnerability test at night

正解：A

質問 # 97
An independent contractor is assessing the security maturity of a Software as a Service (SaaS) company against industry standards. The SaaS company has developed and hosted all its products using the cloud services provided by a third-party cloud service provider. What is the optimal and most efficient mechanism to assess the controls provider is responsible for?

• A. Send a supplier questionnaire to the provider.
• B. Directly audit the provider.
• C. Review third-party audit reports.
• D. Review the provider's published questionnaires.

正解：C

解説：
The optimal and most efficient mechanism to assess the controls that the provider is responsible for is to review third-party audit reports. Third-party audit reports are independent and objective assessments of the provider's security, compliance, and performance, conducted by qualified and reputable auditors. Third-party audit reports can provide assurance and evidence that the provider meets the industry standards and best practices, as well as the contractual and legal obligations with the SaaS company. Third-party audit reports can also cover a wide range of controls, such as data security, encryption, identity and access management, incident response, disaster recovery, and service level agreements. Some examples of third-party audit reports are ISO 27001 certification, SOC 1/2/3 reports, CSA STAR certification, and FedRAMP authorization123.
Reviewing the provider's published questionnaires (A) may not be optimal or efficient, as the published questionnaires may not be comprehensive or up-to-date, and may not reflect the actual state of the provider's controls. The published questionnaires may also be biased or inaccurate, as they are produced by the provider themselves.
Directly auditing the provider may not be feasible or necessary, as the independent contractor may not have access to the provider's environment or data, and may not have the authority or expertise to conduct such an audit. The independent contractor should rely on the third-party audit reports and certifications to assess the provider's compliance with relevant standards and regulations.
Sending a supplier questionnaire to the provider (D) may not be optimal or efficient, as the supplier questionnaire may not cover all the aspects of the provider's controls, and may not provide sufficient evidence or assurance of the provider's security maturity. The supplier questionnaire may also take a long time to complete and verify, and may not be consistent with the industry standards and best practices. References :=
* How to Evaluate Cloud Service Provider Security (Checklist)
* Cloud service review process - Cloud Adoption Framework
* How to choose a cloud service provider | Microsoft Azure

質問 # 98
The PRIMARY objective for an auditor to understand the organization's context for a cloud audit is to:

• A. determine whether the organization has carried out control self-assessment and validated audit reports of the cloud service providers (CSP).
• B. validate an understanding of the organization's current state and how the cloud audit plan fits into the existing audit approach.
• C. validate the organization's performance effectiveness utilizing cloud service providers (CSP) solutions.
• D. validate whether an organization has a cloud audit plan in place.

正解：B

質問 # 99
In audit parlance, what is meant by "management representation"?

• A. A project management technique to demonstrate management's involvement in key project stages
• B. A mechanism to represent organizational structure
• C. A person or group of persons representing executive management during audits
• D. Statements made by management in response to specific inquiries

正解：D

解説：
Explanation
Management representation is a term used in audit parlance to refer to the statements made by management in response to specific inquiries or through the financial statements, as part of the audit evidence that the auditor obtains. Management representation can be oral or written, but the auditor usually obtains written representation from management in the form of a letter that attests to the accuracy and completeness of the financial statements and other information provided to the auditor. The management representation letter is signed by senior management, such as the CEO and CFO, and is dated the same date of audit work completion. The management representation letter confirms or documents the representations explicitly or implicitly given to the auditor during the audit, indicates the continuing appropriateness of such representations, and reduces the possibility of misunderstanding concerning the matters that are the subject of the representations12.
Management representation is not a person or group of persons representing executive management during audits (A), as this would imply that management is not directly involved or accountable for the audit process.
Management representation is not a mechanism to represent organizational structure (B), as this would imply that management representation is a graphical or diagrammatic tool to show the hierarchy or relationships within an organization. Management representation is not a project management technique to demonstrate management's involvement in key project stages , as this would imply that management representation is a method or practice to monitor or report on the progress or outcomes of a project.

質問 # 100
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