2024年最新の保証された成功できるOMG-OCUP2-FOUND100問題集でOMGのPDF問題
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質問 # 32
Choose the correct answer: Consider the following diagram:
Is this diagram valid?
- A. No, because a DataType cannot have Operations.
- B. No, because a DataType cannot have Attributes.
- C. Yes, it is formally correct.
- D. No, because a DataType cannot have Associations to a Class.
正解：D
解説：
The provided diagram depicts aDataTypenamed Route with operations, attributes, and associations to aClass named City. In UML, aDataTypeis a type of classifier that specifiesthe values that do not have identity (i.e., are not distinguishable from other objects).DataTypesmay contain Attributes and Operations, so options B and C are incorrect.
However,DataTypesshould not have associations toClassesbecauseDataTypesare meant to be value types without identity, and associations typically imply a relationship between instances (which have identity). Thus, the presence of associations from Route to City is not consistent with the definition of aDataType.
References:
* UML 2.x Superstructure Specification: Sections on Classifiers and DataTypes provide definitions of what constitutes aDataTypeand what features they can have. They specifically mention thatDataTypes are kinds of classifiers that do not have identity and are often used to type attributes.
* UML 2.x Infrastructure Specification: This foundational document gives additional context on the semantics of different types of classifiers, includingDataTypes, and how they relate to other elements in a UML model.
質問 # 33
Choose the correct answer: Consider the following interaction diagram.
Which number pair represents the start and end of an execution specification?
- A. 1, 3
- B. 3, 5
- C. 1, 4
- D. 2, 3
- E. 1, 2
正解：B
解説：
In UML sequence diagrams, an execution specification is represented by a thin rectangle along a lifeline. It shows where in time the execution takes place, starting with the initiation of an operation or process and ending when that process is complete.
In the interaction diagram provided, we can see an execution specification on the lifelinep1: Pthat starts after the message corresponding to point 3 is received and ends just before the message corresponding to point 5 is sent. This means the execution specification is bracketed by points 3 and 5.
Points 1 and 2 represent message sends, 1 and 4 could represent a message send and receive for the same message, which doesn't typically represent the full execution specification. Points 2 and 3 don't represent a logical start and end of an execution specification because they're on different lifelines.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
D: 3, 5
質問 # 34
Choose the correct answer:
Which UML term pair captures complementary ways of looking at a relationship?
- A. include / extend
- B. use / implement
- C. generalization / specialization
- D. aggregation / composition
- E. dependency / trace
正解：D
解説：
The UML term pair that captures complementary ways of looking at a relationship is "aggregation / composition". Both terms describe types of associations between classes but differ in the degree of ownership and lifecycle dependency between the involved objects. Aggregation implies a weaker relationship where the parent class contains or is linked to other classes but does not strictly control their lifecycle (e.g., a university and its students). Composition, on the other hand, implies a stronger relationship where the parent class has full responsibility for the lifecycle of the associated classes (e.g., a house and its rooms). Understanding these relationships helps model systems more accurately in terms of object ownership and lifecycle management.
質問 # 35
Choose the correct answer:
The Sensor Controller state machine shown below is at rest in the Ready state. The acquireData event occurs.
What Is the complete sequence of behaviors that executes before the state machine comes to rest in the Acquiring Data state?
- A. logStatus. deploy
- B. deploy, scanTarget
- C. logStatus. deploy. scanTarget
- D. deploy
- E. logStatus. deploy. scanTarget. logStatus
正解：C
解説：
The provided image depicts a block diagram of a sensor controller represented as a state machine. The state machine transitions between the following states:
* Initializing
* Calibrating
* Ready
* Acquiring Data
The question specifies the state machine starts in the Ready state and theacquireDataevent triggers the transition.
Analyzing the image, we can identify the following behaviors for the scenario:
* logStatus: This behavior is depicted in the diagram as the first action upon exiting the Ready state. It most likely logs the current state of the sensor controller.
* deploy: The transition from Ready to Acquiring Data triggers the deploy behavior. This likely involves preparing the sensor for data acquisition.
* scanTarget: Upon entering the Acquiring Data state, the scanTarget behavior is initiated. This suggests the sensor controller is actively collecting data from the target.
Therefore, the complete sequence of behaviors islogStatus, followed bydeploy, and lastlyscanTarget, before reaching the Acquiring Data state.
Justification for excluding other options:
* Option A (deploy only) excludes the initial state logging and target scanning actions.
* Option B (logStatus.deploy) excludes the target scanning upon entering the Acquiring Data state.
* Option C (deploy, scanTarget) omits the initial state logging.
* Option E (logStatus.deploy.scanTarget.logStatus) includes an extra logStatus action after target scanning, which is not supported by the diagram.
In conclusion, based on the state machine diagram and the behavior descriptions, option D (logStatus.deploy.scanTarget) accurately reflects the sequence of actions that occur before the sensor controller arrives at the Acquiring Data state.
質問 # 36
Choose the correct answer:
Why are abstractions in a model helpful?
- A. Abstractions add the full detail to the model.
- B. Abstractions can express or suppress detail as needed.
- C. Abstractions are not helpful, but rather a distraction in models.
- D. Abstractions can be taken out and the model still makes sense.
正解：B
解説：
Abstractions in a model are helpful because they can express or suppress detail as needed. This capability is essential in managing complexity in a model by focusing on the high-level, essential aspects of the system while omitting or simplifying the less critical details. This selective detail management aids in understanding and analyzing the system's core functionality without getting overwhelmed by its intricacies. Abstractions facilitate clearer communication, more focused analysis, and more efficient system design by highlighting the most relevant aspects of the system in various contexts.
質問 # 37
Choose the correct answer: Consider the following diagram:
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
正解：E
解説：
The correct answer is E. 5. Based on the image you provided, the diagram depicts the following sequence of steps involved in creating an order:
* Create Order: This signifies the initiation of the order process.
* Fill Order Request: This step likely involves gathering information or processing details about the order.
* Create Invoice: An invoice is typically generated after an order is finalized.
* Notify Customer: The customer is informed about the order, possibly confirmation or receipt.
The key here is that the process starts with creating the order (step 1) and ends with notifying the customer (step 4). Steps 2 and 3 (filling the order request and creating an invoice) can happen concurrently and don't necessarily follow a specific order in relation to each other.
Therefore, following the logic of the sequence, there are five steps (0-based indexing), making E. 5 the most suitable answer.
質問 # 38
Choose the correct answer:
Given the diagram fragment below:
What are the possible values for the attribute response in the class Query?
- A. Yes. No, Maybe
- B. The diagram is not legal UML
- C. There is insufficient information to determine the answer.
- D. Maybe
正解：A
解説：
The second diagram fragment you provided includes two enumeration types, YesNo and Answer, where YesNo is a generalization of Answer. The class Query has an attribute 'response' of type Answer. Given that YesNo is a generalization of Answer, the possible values for 'response' include the literals of Answer plus those inherited from YesNo. Since Answer includes 'Maybe', and YesNo includes 'Yes' and 'No', all three are valid values for 'response'.
References:
* UML 2.x Superstructure Specification: Discusses attributes and their types, the concept of generalization, and how attributes of a generalized type can take on values from their own literals as well as those from their parent in the hierarchy.
* UML 2.x Infrastructure Specification: Explains the foundational modeling constructs related to enumeration, classes, and attributes, which provides the basis for determining the legal values of an attribute based on its type's enumeration literals.
質問 # 39
Choose the correct answer:
Exactly two Player Instances are involved in the "Play Tennis" Use Case.
Which diagram depicts this scenario correctly?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：D
解説：
In UML use case diagrams, when specifying the number of actors involved in a use case, a multiplicity marker can be used. The multiplicity marker is a number placed near the actor symbol that denotes how many instances of the actor are involved in the use case.
Option C correctly uses a multiplicity marker of '2' next to the actor 'Player', which indicates that exactly two instances of 'Player' are involved in the "Play Tennis" use case.
Here is a brief explanation of why the other options are incorrect:
A) Option A shows two separate 'Player' actors involved in "Play Tennis" without a multiplicity marker, implying possibly different kinds of players, but does not specify that exactly two instances are required. B) Option B shows two 'Player' actors involved in "Play Tennis" without a multiplicity marker, also not specifying the exact number of instances required. D) Option D uses a multiplicity marker, but it is incorrectly placed near the 'Play Tennis' use case instead of the 'Player' actor, which does not follow UML notation for indicating actor multiplicity.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C: Option C
質問 # 40
Choose the correct answer: Consider the following scenario:
The "Withdraw Money" action can only be executed after the amount to withdraw is entered and the account contains sufficient funds. After the action is executed, the account balance is updated.
Which diagram models this scenario
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
- E.
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is Option C based on the UML 2 Foundation concepts for activities and pre/postconditions.
Analysis of the Diagram in Option C:
* The diagram depicts an activity named "Withdraw Money".
* There are two diamonds preceding the activity, representing preconditions. Preconditions are conditions that must be true before the activity can be executed.
* The text within the first diamond indicates that "the amount of money to withdraw is entered".
* The text within the second diamond indicates that "the account has sufficient funds".
* This aligns with the scenario where the user must enter a withdrawal amount and the account must have enough money to cover the withdrawal before the "Withdraw Money" activity can proceed.
* Following the activity, there's a diamond labeled "postcondition," indicating a condition that becomes true after the activity is completed.
* The text within the postcondition diamond states that "the account balance is updated." This reflects the scenario where the account balance is updated after a successful withdrawal.
Comparison with Other Options:
* Option A, B, and D do not explicitly show preconditions and postconditions using the diamond notation, making them less suited to represent the scenario where certain conditions need to be met before and after the action.
References
* UML 2.5.1 Specification (Superstructure): Sections on Activity Diagrams and Pre/Postconditions https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4/Superstructure/PDF
質問 # 41
Choose the correct answer: OpaqueExpression can use which languages?
- A. onlyOCL
- B. any language
- C. only programming languages
- D. only Mathematical Expressions
正解：B
解説：
An OpaqueExpression in UML 2 is used to specify behavior in a textual form when it is not necessary to specify which language is used, or when it is not possible to use graphical notation. According to the UML 2 specification, an OpaqueExpression is not limited to any particular language; it can represent expressions written in any language.
The key characteristics of an OpaqueExpression are as follows:
* The 'body' of an OpaqueExpression is a sequence of strings, where each string could be written in a different language. This means it has the capacity to include multiple languages simultaneously.
* The 'language' attribute is optional and is used to indicate the languages of the respective 'body' parts.
The allowance for any language is clearly stated in the UML 2 Infrastructure Specification. OpaqueExpression is designed to be a flexible way to capture expressions that are not readily expressible in UML or when using a language outside the scope of UML (e.g., mathematical expressions, programming languages, or other domain-specific languages).
質問 # 42
Choose the correct answer:
How is the abstract syntax of UML specified?
- A. using a MOF metamodel
- B. using UML structure and behavior diagrams
- C. using natural language (e.g.. English)
- D. using the Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
正解：A
解説：
The abstract syntax of UML is specified using the Meta-Object Facility (MOF) metamodel. MOF is a modeling language that provides a meta-meta-model at the top layer of the four-layer metadata architecture, which is used to define the metamodels, like the UML. The MOF specification defines the structure and semantics for constructing metamodels, including the UML. By using MOF, UML ensures that its structure is well-defined and can be processed by tools that understand MOF-based metamodels. The use of MOF to specify UML abstract syntax ensures a clear, structured, and standardized method of describing the semantics of UML components, enabling consistent interpretation and implementation across different modeling tools and environments.
質問 # 43
Choose the correct answer:
Which modeling relationship allows instances of one class to substitute for instances of another?
- A. replacement
- B. dependency
- C. auxiliary
- D. generalization
- E. association
正解：D
解説：
Generalization in UML is a modeling relationship that connects a general classifier (like a class) to a more specific classifier. It is akin to an "is a" relationship where the specialized element (subclass) inherits features from the general element (superclass), thus allowing instances of the subclass to substitute for instances of the superclass. For example, if "Bird" is a superclass and "Eagle" is a subclass, an instance of "Eagle" can substitute for an instance of "Bird". This relationship is fundamental in object-oriented modeling for representing inheritance. According to the UML 2.5 specification, generalization allows a subclass to inherit part or all of the structure and behavior of a superclass.
質問 # 44
Choose the correct answer:
How many execution occurrence specifications are there in total on the diagram below?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
- F. 5
- G. 6
正解：G
解説：
An execution occurrence specification in UML sequence diagrams is represented by a thin rectangle on a lifeline. It shows that an instance is performing an action over a period of time.
In the provided sequence diagram, we can see three such thin rectangles on lifeline 'b', which indicates that there are three execution occurrence specifications.
* One for the message that comes from 'a' to 'b'.
* Another one for the message that 'b' sends to 'c'.
* And the last one for the return message from 'c' to 'b'.
There are no execution occurrence specifications on lifelines 'a' and 'c'.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
D: 3
質問 # 45
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following two diagrams:
Which description of these diagrams is true?
- A. Initial and final nodes are optional. Therefore the execution semantics of both diagrams are equivalent.
- B. In both diagrams, the activity will end after action READY and no further signals will be accepted.
- C. Diagram Act2 is incomplete: It should get completed with exactly one start and at minimum one final node. If this would be done, both diagrams become equivalent.
- D. In diagram Act1. action a can get executed once. In diagram Act2. action a can get executed many times.
正解：B
解説：
* Start Node: Represented by a black circle, indicating the starting point of the activity.
* Action a: Represented by a rounded rectangle, signifying an action or step within the activity.
* Action READY: Another rounded rectangle representing an action.
* End Node: A circle with a black dot inside, marking the end point of the activity.
Based on the common elements in both Act1 and Act2:
* The activity starts at the designated start node.
* It proceeds to action "a".
* Then it moves to action "READY".
* Finally, it reaches the end node, signifying completion.
There are no additional branches or loops that would allow for re-starting the activity or re-executing action
"a" multiple times.
Analysis of Other Options:
* B. Initial and final nodes are optional... While it's true that initial and final nodes can be implicit in some cases, well-formed activity diagrams typically include them for clarity. Here, both diagrams have them explicitly.
* C. In diagram Act1. action a can get executed once... There's no basis to claim a difference in the number of executions of action "a" between the two diagrams.
* D. Diagram Act2 is incomplete... Both diagrams seem complete as they have proper start and end nodes, and the flow goes from start to finish without any ambiguity.
Therefore, considering the structure and execution flow, both Act1 and Act2 will end after the "READY" action, and no further signals will be accepted, making answer A the most accurate description.
質問 # 46
Choose the correct answer:
In UMLmodeling, what is a Constraint?
- A. a condition that constrains what can or cannot be put in a class diagram
- B. a condition that must be satisfied when it is evaluated
- C. a condition that causes the state of the objects to change over time
- D. a condition that should be met depending on system operation
正解：B
解説：
In UML modeling, a constraint is defined as:
A: a condition that must be satisfied when it is evaluated
A constraint is a semantic condition or restriction expressed in natural language text or a machine-readable language for expressing constraints, such as OCL (Object ConstraintLanguage). Constraints specify invariants that must hold for the system being modeled at all times. This means that whenever the constraint is evaluated, the condition it expresses must be satisfied (UML 2.5 specification, section 7.9).
The other options do not accurately define what a constraint is in the context of UML:
B: A condition that should be met depending on system operation - This is not precise as constraints are not optional and do not depend on system operation; they are always applicable.
C: A condition that causes the state of the objects to change over time - This describes a side effect, which is not the purpose of a constraint. A constraint is a condition that must always be met, not something that induces change.
D: A condition that constrains what can or cannot be put in a class diagram - This is too broad and imprecise.
Constraints apply to elements within the class diagram and are not about the content of the diagram itself.
質問 # 47
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
Which statement is true about the diagram?
- A. v will indicate different elements depending on where you refer to v within Pckg
- B. Within G you may refer to v:K by gh.H::v. .
- C. The package Pckg cannot have two definitions of v as shown in the diagram.
- D. From within H it is impossible to reach the v within G.
正解：A
解説：
The diagram you provided shows two classes, G and H, which are within a package named Pckg. Each class has an attribute named 'v' with different visibility and typeindicators. The attribute 'v' in class G has visibility
'private' (denoted by '-'), and in class H, it is 'protected' (denoted by '#'). This suggests that the scope of each 'v' is limited to its respective class. Therefore, when you refer to 'v' within the package, its meaning depends on the context or the namespace from which it's accessed.
References:
* UML 2.x Superstructure Specification: This defines the rules for scopes and namespaces in UML. It clarifies how elements with the same name can coexist in different namespaces and how their references would differ based on the context.
* UML 2.x Infrastructure Specification: Provides the foundational concepts for UML, including the semantics of structured classifiers and namespaces which pertain to the interpretation of the 'v' attribute in different classes.
質問 # 48
Choose the correct answer:
Which sequence of behavior executions occurs if the state machine below is in state S11 and an event of type E occurs?
- A. actnE; exS1; exS11: entS2; entS21
- B. gxSH; exS1; actnE; entS2
- C. exS11; actnE; entS2
- D. exS11; exS1; actnE; entS2; entS21
- E. actnE; exS1; exS11: entS21; entS2
正解：A
解説：
The image depicts a state machine with the following states:
* S1
* S11
* S2
* S21
The state machine transitions are labeled as follows:
* gxSH - This triggers the transition from the initial state to S1.
* E - This event triggers the transition from S11 to S21.
* exS1 - This signifies exiting state S1.
* exS11 - This signifies exiting state S11.
* entS2 - This signifies entering state S2.
* entS21 - This signifies entering state S21.
* actnE - This indicates an action associated with the E event.
Given the state machine is currently in state S11 and an event of type E occurs, here's the sequence of behavior executions:
* actnE: The action associated with event E is executed.
* exS11: The state machine exits state S11.
* exS1: Since S11 is nested within S1, exiting S11 also implicitly triggers exiting S1.
* entS2: The state machine enters state S2.
* entS21: The state machine enters the nested state S21.
Justification for excluding other options:
* Option A (actnE; exS1; exS11: entS21; entS2) has the order of entering S2 and S21 reversed.
* Option C (exS11; actnE; entS2) omits the execution of the action associated with event E.
* Option D (gxSH; exS1; actnE; entS2) includes the irrelevant initial transition trigger (gxSH).
* Option E (exS11; exS1; actnE; entS2; entS21) has an extra exiting of state S1, which is not part of the valid transition path.
Following the state transitions and action triggers depicted in the state machine diagram, option B accurately reflects the sequence of behaviors that occur when event E triggers a transition from state S11.
質問 # 49
Choose the correct answer:
What is an advantage of modeling as a part of the software analysis and design process?
- A. It reduces the risk of incorporating technology constraints into a design.
- B. It reduces the risk of using an incorrect or improper programming language.
- C. It reduces the risk of inconsistent or improper implementations.
- D. It reduces the risk of the solution being strongly related to business practices.
正解：C
解説：
Modeling as part of the software analysis and design process offers several advantages, one of the primary being the reduction in the risk of inconsistent or improper implementations. By using models, developers can visualize the structure and behavior of the system before actual coding begins, allowing for the identification and correction of potential issues in the early stages of development. This practice helps ensure that all components of the software work together as intended, reducing the likelihood of bugs and inconsistencies that could arise if parts of the system were developed in isolation. UML, as a standardized modeling language, provides a coherent and universally understood set of diagrams and symbols, which facilitates clear communication among team members and stakeholders, further mitigating the risk of misunderstandings that could lead to improper implementations.
質問 # 50
Choose the correct answer:
Which diagram is invalid?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：C
解説：
Option C shows a UML diagram where a class (One) appears to have an aggregation relationship with itself.
In UML, an aggregation is a special type of association that represents a whole-part relationship between the aggregate (whole) and a component part. However, it does not make sense for a class to aggregate itself; such a relationship implies that instances of the same class are parts of each other, which is conceptually invalid.
Let's consider the other options: A) This diagram shows a class contained within another, which is a valid use of nesting classes. B) This diagram shows a composition relationship, which is a form of aggregation with a stronger lifecycle dependency between the whole and the part. This is a valid relationship in UML. D) This diagram shows a class containing two nested classes, one of which contains another nested class. This is also a valid representation of nested classes in UML.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C: Option C
質問 # 51
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram fragment:
Which slot's value is hidden outside of the current Employee9
- A. salary
- B. company
- C. title
- D. name
- E. gender
- F. age
正解：A
解説：
The diagram fragment shows an instance specification for anEmployee. The different prefixes before each attribute indicate the visibility of that attribute:
* +Public: Visible to everyone.
* -Private: Visible only within the defining class.
* #Protected: Visible to subclasses and package.
* ~Package: Visible to all classes within the same package.
Given these visibility indicators, the attribute with the private visibility is-salary: Real. This means that the salaryattribute is the one that is hidden outside of thecurrent:Employeeclassifier and cannot be accessed by entities that do not belong to theEmployeeclass.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C: salary
質問 # 52
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
What does the filled diamond mean?
- A. A Ship-instance is responsible for the existence of the Person-instances linked to it.
- B. Class Person's existence depends on the ship. It will get deleted when the ship gets deleted.
- C. It is a modeling placebo It does not have any influence on the structure of the instances of Ship or Person.
- D. Class Ship owns an attribute passenger of Type Person. The ownership of attribute my_ship is undefined.
- E. Class Person owns an attribute my_ship of Type Ship. The ownership of attribute passenger is undefined.
正解：A
解説：
In UML, a filled diamond represents a composite aggregation, also known as a composition. It indicates a whole-part relationship with strong ownership and coincident lifetime of the parts with the whole. Here's what it means in relation to the options provided:
A: This is partially correct. A filled diamond indeed indicates that the Ship instance is responsible for the existence of the associated Person instances, but it is not complete as it does not explicitly state that the Person instances will be deleted when the Ship instance is deleted.
B: This option is the most accurate. A filled diamond represents a composite aggregation, which means that the existence of the Person instances (parts) isdependent on the Ship instance (whole). When the Ship instance is deleted, so are the Person instances it contains.
C: The filled diamond is not a placebo; it has a well-defined meaning in UML, indicating strong ownership and lifecycle dependency between the whole and the part.
D: While the filled diamond does indicate ownership, it specifies more than just an attribute relationship; it indicates that the Ship class has a composition relationship with the Person class. This means that the Ship object contains Person objects as parts of itself, not just as an attribute reference.
E: The filled diamond is connected to the Ship class, not the Person class, so this statement is incorrect. The composition relationship is from Ship to Person, not the other way around.
Based on the UML specification for composite aggregation, the most accurate statement isB: Class Person's existence depends on the ship. It will get deleted when the ship gets deleted. This aligns with the definition of composite aggregation, where the part's lifecycle is dependent on the whole's lifecycle.
質問 # 53
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OMG-OCUP2-Found100試験は、OCUP 2認定プログラムの基礎レベル試験です。 OCUP 2認定プログラムは、Object Management Group（OMG）によって開発および管理されるUMLモデリング習熟度のグローバルに認識されている標準です。この試験は、ソフトウェア開発者、建築家、デザイナー、アナリスト、およびUMLモデリングを使用してソフトウェア開発に関与している人を対象としています。試験に合格すると、候補者はUMLを確実に理解しており、UML表記を使用してソフトウェアモデルを設計および通信できることが示されています。
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