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質問 # 109
IPv4サブネット192.168.2.128/28内の固有のホストにはいくつのIPアドレスを使用できますか？ （追加情報なしで番号のみを指定してください。）
正解：
解説：
14
Explanation:
To find the number of IP-addresses that can be used for unique hosts inside an IPv4 subnet, we need to calculate the number of bits that are used for the host part of the IP address. The host part is the part that is not used for the network prefix, which is indicated by the slash notation (/) followed by a number. The number after the slash represents the number of bits that are used for the network prefix, out of the total 32 bits of an IPv4 address. The remaining bits are used for the host part. For example, in the subnet 192.168.2.128/28, the number 28 means that the first 28 bits are used for the network prefix, and the last 4 bits are used for the host part.
The number of IP-addresses that can be used for unique hosts is equal to 2^n - 2, where n is the number of bits in the host part. The -2 is because the first and the last IP addresses in a subnet are reserved for the network address and the broadcast address, respectively, and cannot be assigned to hosts. Therefore, in the subnet
192.168.2.128/28, the number of IP-addresses that can be used for unique hosts is 2^4 - 2, which is 14.
References:
* IPv4 - Subnetting - Online Tutorials Library
* IP Subnet Calculator
質問 # 110
すべての MTA で使用できる、MTA のメール キューの内容を一覧表示するために使用されるコマンドはどれですか? (パスやパラメータを指定せずにコマンドのみを指定します。) mailq、/usr/bin/mailq、sendmail -bp、/usr/sbin/sendmail -bp、/usr/lib/sendmail -bp、sendmail、
正解：
解説：
/usr/sbin/sendmail, /usr/lib/sendmail
質問 # 111
次のうちどれがNTPクライアントによって観察され修正されますか？
- A. システムクロックとハードウェアクロックの間の時間のずれ。
- B. システムクロックと基準クロックの間の時間のずれ。
- C. 現在のコンピューターの所在地のタイムゾーンを変更します。
- D. 夏時間をサポートするために必要な調整。
正解：B
解説：
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol that enables the accurate synchronization of time and date information across networked computer systems. NTP uses a hierarchical system of time servers, where each server has a stratum level that indicates its distance from the primary reference source. The primary reference source is usually an atomic clock or a GPS receiver, which provides the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
The NTP clients are the computer systems that want to synchronize their system clocks with the UTC. The system clock is a software clock that runs in the kernel and keeps track of the current time and date. The system clock can be influenced by various factors, such as the hardware clock, the CPU frequency, the temperature, the load, and the network latency. These factors can cause the system clock to drift or skew from the UTC, resulting in inaccurate timekeeping. A NTP client observes and corrects the skew in time between the system clock and the reference clock, which is the clock of the NTP server that the client is connected to.
The NTP client periodically sends requests to the NTP server and receives the server's time stamps. The NTP client then calculates the offset and the round-trip delay between its system clock and the reference clock, and adjusts its system clock accordingly. The NTP client can also use multiple NTP servers and apply algorithms to select the best one and filter out outliers. The NTP client can also discipline the system clock by using a feedback loop that controls the clock frequency and reduces the clock drift. By using NTP, the system clock can achieve a high accuracy and precision, usually within a few milliseconds or microseconds of the UTC123.
The other options are not correct. The skew in time between the system clock and the hardware clock is not observed and corrected by a NTP client, but by a separate utility called hwclock, which can read and set the hardware clock. The hardware clock is a battery-powered device that keeps time even when the system is powered off. The hardware clock is usually less accurate than the system clock, and can be synchronized with the system clock at boot or shutdown time. The changes in the time zone of the current computer's location are not observed and corrected by a NTP client, but by a configuration tool called timedatectl, which can set the system time zone and other parameters. The time zone is a geographical region that has a uniform standard time and date. The time zone does not affect the system clock, which always keeps the UTC, butonly the display of the local time and date for the user. The adjustments needed to support Daylight Saving Time (DST) are not observed and corrected by a NTP client, but by the system's time zone database, which contains the rules and transitions for DST. DST is a practice of advancing the clocks by one hour during summer months to make better use of daylight. DST is not observed in all regions and countries, and can vary in start and end dates. The system's time zone database is updated regularly to reflect the changes in DST rules, and can be applied tothe system clock to calculate the correct local time and date. References: 1: Network Time Protocol
- Wikipedia 2: How NTP Works - NTP Pool Project 3: How To Set Up Time Synchronization on Ubuntu
20.042 : hwclock(8) - Linux manual page : timedatectl(1) - Linux manual page : Daylight saving time - Wikipedia
質問 # 112
すべてのカーネル コンパイル オプションをカスタマイズするために使用できるコマンドは、次のうちどれですか?
(3 つ選択)
- A. カーネル構成を作成
- B. 構成を作成
- C. メニュー構成を作成
- D. 構成する
- E. xconfig を作成
正解：B、C、E
質問 # 113
次のコマンドのどれがOpenSSHがTCPポート2222をリッスンしているリモートホストexample.comに接続しますか？ （正しい答えを2つ選んでください。）
- A. ssh -o GatewayPort = 2222 example.com
- B. ssh --port 2222 example.com
- C. ssh -o Port = 2222 example.com
- D. ssh -p 2222 example.com
- E. ssh example.com:2222
正解：C、D
解説：
TThe ssh command is used to connect to a remote host using the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, which provides encrypted and authenticated communication. The ssh command has the following syntax:
ssh [options] [user@]hostname [command]
The options can modify the behavior of the ssh command, such as specifying the port number, the identity file, the cipher, the compression, and the timeout. The user@hostname specifies the username and the hostname of the remote host to connect to. The command is an optional argument that specifies the command to execute on the remote host.
To connect to the remote host example.com which has OpenSSH listening on TCP port 2222, two possible options are:
* B. ssh -p 2222 example.com: This option uses the -p flag to specify the port number of the remote host.
The -p flag is a shortcut for the Port option, which can also be used with the -o flag.
* C. ssh -o Port=2222 example.com: This option uses the -o flag to specify a configuration option for the ssh command. The -o flag can be followed by any option that is valid in the ssh_config file, such as Port, IdentityFile, Cipher, Compression, and ConnectTimeout. The Port option sets the port number of the remote host.
The other options in the question are not correct for this task. The --port option is not a valid option for the ssh command. The GatewayPort option is used to specify whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to local forwarded ports. The example.com:2222 syntax is not valid for the ssh command.
References:
* LPI 102-500 Exam Objectives, Topic 110.1: Perform security administration tasks
* LPI 102-500 Study Guide, Chapter 10: Securing Your System, Section 10.1: Configuring SSH
* ssh man page
opic 7, Misc Questions New
質問 # 114
findの-typeオプションに対する引数は、シンボリックリンクであるファイルと一致しますか？ （引数だけを指定し、他のオプションや単語は指定しないでください。）
正解：
解説：
l
質問 # 115
ファイル システム内の要素に対して機能するテスト用の比較演算子は次のうちどれですか? (2つお選びください。)
- A. -z
- B. -f
- C. -d
- D. -lt
- E. -eq
正解：B、C
解説：
The comparison operators for test that work on elements in the file system are -d and -f. The -d operator tests if a given file name refers to a directory, and returns true if it does. The -f operator tests if a given file name refers to a regular file, and returns true if it does. These operators are part of the topic 105.3: Perform basic file management, which is one of the objectives of the LPI Linux Administrator - 102 exam12. References: 1: LPI Linux Administrator - 102 (LPIC-1) 2: Exam 102 Objectives
質問 # 116
特定のユーザーがatを使ってタスクをスケジュールできないようにするには、管理者は何をすべきですか？
- A. 特定のユーザーをnojobsグループに追加します。
- B. /etc/at.denyファイルに特定のユーザーを追加します。
- C. /etc/at.allowファイルに特定のユーザーを追加します。
- D. atd --deny [user]を実行してください。
- E. /etc/atd.confファイルの[deny]セクションに特定のユーザーを追加します。
正解：B
質問 # 117
mailqコマンドの目的は何ですか？
- A. これはqmail MTAにのみ含まれている独自のツールです。
- B. POP3またはIMAPを使ってリモートサーバーから新しいEメールを取得します。
- C. メールを読み書きするためのコマンドラインベースのツールです。
- D. ローカルMTAのメールキューを照会します。
- E. マルチユーザーメーリングリストマネージャです。
正解：D
解説：
The mailq command is a widely used tool for checking the email queue in Linux. It provides a summary of all the messages in the queue, including information such as message IDs, sender addresses, recipient addresses, and delivery status1. The mail queue is a collection of messages that are waiting to be delivered by the local Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), such as sendmail, postfix, or exim1. The mailq command is the same as the sendmail -bp command that also prints the mail queue2. The mailq command can also accept various options to filter or modify the output, such as -v for verbose mode, -Ac for mail submission queue, or -q for processing the queue3. The mailq command is part of the LPI's multi-level Linux professional certification program, and it is covered in the topic 108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics of the exam 102 objectives4. References: 4:
https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-102-objectives/ 3:
https://www.thegeekdiary.com/mailq-command-examples-in-linux/ 2:
https://sites.ualberta.ca/dept/chemeng/AIX-43/share/man/info/C/a_doc_lib/cmds/aixcmds3/mailq.htm 1:
https://www.emaillistvalidation.com/blog/check-email-queue-in-linux-a-comprehensive-guide-to-managing-mes
質問 # 118
次のパラメータのどれが出力の時間枠を制限するためにjournalctlに使用されていますか？ （正しい答えを2つ選んでください。）
- A. --since =
- B. --until =
- C. --from =
- D. --upto =
- E. --date =
正解：A、B
質問 # 119
点字ディスプレイという用語は何を指していますか?
- A. デスクトップ アプリケーション用の標準化された高度な契約グラフィック テーマ?
- B. KDE や GNOME に似た Linux デスクトップ環境。
- C. LCD に取って代わられる従来のディスプレイ技術。
- D. XML に似た、データ交換用の標準ファイル形式。
- E. 小さな点を使用して文字を物理的に表現したもの。
正解：E
質問 # 120
ディスプレイマネージャはどのように起動されますか？
- A. コマンドstartxを使用してユーザーによって起動されます。
- B. initシステムによって他のシステムサービスと同様に開始されます。
- C. リモートホストがX11ポートに接続するとinetdによって起動されます。
- D. X11ユーザーがシステムコンソールにログインすると自動的に起動します。
正解：B
解説：
A display manager is a program that provides a graphical login screen for users to access a graphical desktop environment. A display manager is usually started by the init system, which is the first process that runs when the system boots up. The init system is responsible for starting and stopping various system services, including the display manager. The init system can be configured to start a specific display manager by setting the default runlevel or target, or by editing the /etc/X11/default-display-manager file123.
The other options are not correct because:
* A. It is started by a user using the command startx. This option is false because the startx command is used to start an X session without a display manager. The startx command launches an X server and runs the user's .xinitrc or .xsession file, which contains the commands to start the desired desktop environment or window manager. The startx command does not invoke a display manager or a graphical login screen .
* C. It is started by inetd when a remote hosts connects to the X11 port. This option is false because inetd is a daemon that listens for incoming network connections and launches the appropriate service for each connection. Inetd does not start a display manager, but it can be used to enable remote access to an X session using the XDMCP protocol. XDMCP stands for X Display Manager Control Protocol, and it allows a remote host to request a graphical login screen from a display manager running on another host.
However, this is not the same as starting a display manager, and it requires the display manager to be already running on the host that provides the XDMCP service .
* D. It is started automatically when a X11 user logs in to the system console. This option is false because a display manager is not started by a user login, but by the init system. A user login can trigger the start of an X session, but not a display manager. A display manager is independent of the user login, and it can run on multiple virtual consoles or display devices. A display manager can also allow multiple users to log in to different X sessions simultaneously123.
References: 1: LPI Linux Certification/Setup A Display Manager - Wikibooks 2: Working with Display Managers - LPIC-1 102 Linux certification - Linux ... 3: How to Change the Default Display Manager in Ubuntu 20.04 : startx - ArchWiki : How to start GUI from command line? - Ask Ubuntu : inetd - Wikipedia :
XDMCP - ArchWiki
質問 # 121 
- A. Option C
- B. Option D
- C. Option B
- D. Option A
- E. Option E
正解：D
質問 # 122
バニラX11のインストールに付属のシンプルなグラフィカルログインマネージャの名前は何ですか？ （パスまたはパラメーターを指定せずにコマンドのみを指定してください。）
正解：
解説：
xdm
質問 # 123 
- A. Option A
- B. Option C
- C. Option D
- D. Option B
正解：D
質問 # 124
デフォルトルートに関して何が本当ですか？
- A. デフォルトルートを設定すると、デフォルトルートが削除されるまで他のすべてのルートが無効になります。
- B. 常にデフォルトルートが最初に使用されます。デフォルトルートが利用できない場合は、より具体的なルートが試されます。
- C. デフォルトルートは、宛先ホストまたはネットワークへのより具体的なルートがない場合にのみ使用されます。
- D. デフォルトルートがないと、直接接続されているネットワークでもネットワーク通信はできません。
正解：C
質問 # 125
useraddで何を指定できますか？ （2つ選択してください。）
- A. ユーザーのホームディレクトリへの絶対パス。
- B. 新しいユーザーが使用できるプリンター。
- C. ユーザーがsudoを使用して実行できるコマンド。
- D. 新しいアカウントへのログインに使用されるSSHキー。
- E. ユーザーの数値ユーザーID（UID）。
正解：A、E
質問 # 126 
正解：
解説：
/ usr / share / zoneinfo /
質問 # 127
CUPS印刷システム用の設定ファイルを含むトップディレクトリを指定してください。 （ディレクトリへのフルパスを指定してください。）
正解：
解説：
/etc/cups, /etc/cups/
Explanation:
The top directory containing the configuration files for the CUPS printing system is /etc/cups. This directory stores various files that control the behavior and functionality of the CUPS scheduler, cupsd (8), such as cups-files.conf (5), cupsd.conf (5), mime.convs (5), mime.types (5), printers.conf (5), and subscriptions.conf (5). The /etc/cups directory also contains subdirectories for classes, interfaces, ppd, and ssl, which store information about printer classes, device interfaces, printer drivers, and encryption certificates, respectively12. The /etc/cups directory is part of the LPI's multi-level Linux professional certification program, and it is covered in the topic 105.5 Print service of the exam 102 objectives3. References: 1: cups-files (5) - Linux Manuals 2: cupsd.conf - server configuration file for cups 3: Exam 102 Objectives
質問 # 128 
- A. Option C
- B. Option D
- C. Option B
- D. Option A
正解：D
質問 # 129
コマンド sendmail に関して正しいのはどれですか?
- A. sendmail コマンドは、メールが正常に送信された MTA キューの履歴を出力します。
- B. Postfix や Exim を含むすべての MTA は、sendmail コマンドを提供します。
- C. sendmail MTA がインストールされている場合にのみ使用できます。
- D. どの MTA でも、cron デーモンによって sendmail コマンドを定期的に実行する必要があります。
正解：B
解説：
The sendmail command is a generic interface to various mail transfer agents (MTAs), such as Sendmail, Postfix, Exim, Qmail, etc. The sendmail command is used to send emails from the command line or from other programs that need to deliver emails. The sendmail command accepts various flags and parameters to specify the sender, recipient, subject, body, and attachments of the email. The sendmail command also reads the standard input for the email content if no file is specified. The sendmail command is part of the sendmail package, which is the original and most widely used MTA for Unix-like systems. However, other MTAs, such as Postfix and Exim, also provide a sendmail command for compatibility reasons. The sendmail command provided by these MTAs may have slightly different syntax and options, but they all support the basic functionality of sending emails. Therefore, the statement that all MTAs, including Postfix and Exim, provide a sendmail command is true123.
The other statements are false. The sendmail command does not need to be run periodically by the cron daemon, as it is not a daemon itself, but a command-line tool. The sendmail command does not print the MTA's queue history, but rather sends the email to the MTA for delivery. The sendmail command is not only available when the sendmail MTA is installed, but also when other MTAs that provide a sendmail command are installed. References: 1: Linux Sendmail Command Help and Examples - Computer Hope 2: Send Email in Linux from Command Line | DigitalOcean 3: 5 Ways To Send Email from Linux Command Line - TecAdmin
質問 # 130
デフォルトでは、useraddコマンドに-mオプションを渡してアカウントを作成したときに、どのディレクトリの内容が新しいユーザーのホームディレクトリにコピーされますか。 （ディレクトリへのフルパスを指定してください。）
正解：
解説：
/etc/skel
質問 # 131
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