無料更新されたIAPP CIPMテストエンジン問題には182問あります
ベストな問題集を使おうCertified Information Privacy Manager CIPM専門試験問題
質問 # 41
If an organization maintains a separate ethics office, to whom would its officer typically report to in order to retain the greatest degree of independence?
- A. The Chief Financial Officer.
- B. The organization's General Counsel.
- C. The Human Resources Director.
- D. The Board of Directors.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
If an organization maintains a separate ethics office, its officer would typically report to the Board of Directors in order to retain the greatest degree of independence. This is because the Board of Directors is the highest governing body of the organization and has the authority and responsibility to oversee the ethical conduct and performance of the organization and its management1 Reporting to the Board of Directors would enable the ethics officer to avoid any potential conflicts of interest or undue influence from other senior executives or managers who may have a stake in the ethical issues or decisions that the ethics office handles2 Reporting to the Board of Directors would also enhance the credibility and legitimacy of the ethics office and its recommendations, as well as demonstrate the organization's commitment to ethical values and culture3 The other options are not as suitable as reporting to the Board of Directors for retaining the greatest degree of independence for the ethics office. Reporting to the Chief Financial Officer may create a conflict of interest or a perception of bias if the ethical issues or decisions involve financial matters or implications4 Reporting to the Human Resources Director may limit the scope or authority of the ethics office to deal with ethical issues or decisions that go beyond human resources policies or practices5 Reporting to the organization's General Counsel may blur the distinction or create confusion between legal compliance and ethical conduct, as well as raise concerns about attorney-client privilege or confidentiality6 References: 1: Board Responsibilities | BoardSource; 2: Ethics Officer: Job Description, Duties and Requirements; 3: The Role Of The Ethics And Compliance Officer In The 21st Century | Corporate Compliance Insights; 4: Ethics Officer: Job Description, Duties and Requirements; 5: Ethics Officer: Job Description, Duties and Requirements; 6: Ethics Officer: Job Description, Duties and Requirements
質問 # 42
Which of the following is NOT a type of privacy program metric?
- A. Risk-reduction metrics.
- B. Value creation metrics.
- C. Business enablement metrics.
- D. Data enhancement metrics.
正解：B
質問 # 43
What have experts identified as an important trend in privacy program development?
- A. The movement beyond crisis management to proactive prevention.
- B. The rollback of ambitious programs due to budgetary restraints.
- C. The narrowing of regulatory definitions of personal information.
- D. The stabilization of programs as the pace of new legal mandates slows.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
An important trend in privacy program development is the movement beyond crisis management to proactive prevention. This means that instead of reacting to privacy breaches or incidents after they occur, organizations are taking steps to prevent them from happening in the first place. This involves implementing privacy by design principles, conducting privacy impact assessments, adopting privacy-enhancing technologies, training staff on privacy awareness and best practices, and monitoring compliance and performance. By doing so, organizations can reduce risks, costs, and reputational damage associated with privacy violations. References:
[IAPP CIPM Study Guide], page 93-94; [Moving from Crisis Management to Proactive Prevention]
質問 # 44
While trying to e-mail her manager, an employee has e-mailed a list of all the company's customers, including their bank details, to an employee with the same name at a different company. Which of the following would be the first stage in the incident response plan under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)?
- A. Containment of impact of breach.
- B. Remediation offers to data subjects.
- C. Notification to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO).
- D. Notification to data subjects.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The first stage in the incident response plan under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) for this scenario would be to contain the impact of the breach. This means taking immediate action to stop the unauthorized access or disclosure of personal data, and to prevent it from happening again in the future. This could involve revoking access to the data, notifying the employee who mistakenly sent the data, and implementing security measures to prevent similar breaches from occurring in the future.
References:
* https://gdpr-info.eu/art-33-gdpr/
* https://gdpr-info.eu/art-34-gdpr/
質問 # 45
A minimum requirement for carrying out a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) would include?
- A. Assessment of the necessity and proportionality.
- B. Processing on a large scale of special categories of data.
- C. Assessment of security measures.
- D. Monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Processing on a large scale of special categories of data is a minimum requirement for carrying out a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). A DPIA is a type of Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) that is specifically required by the GDPR when a processing activity is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. According to Article 35(3)(b) of the GDPR, a DPIA is mandatory when the processing involves a large scale of special categories of data or personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences. Special categories of data are personal data that reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade union membership, genetic data, biometric data, health data, sex life or sexual orientation. These types of data are considered more sensitive and require more protection, as they may pose higher risks of discrimination, identity theft, fraud, or other harms to the data subjects.
References:
* CIPM Body of Knowledge (2021), Domain IV: Privacy Program Operational Life Cycle, Section C:
Monitoring and Managing Program Performance Subsection 1: Privacy Impact Assessments
* CIPM Study Guide (2021), Chapter 9: Monitoring and Managing Program Performance Section 9.1:
Privacy Impact Assessments
* CIPM Textbook (2019), Chapter 9: Monitoring and Managing Program Performance Section 9.1:
Privacy Impact Assessments
* CIPM Practice Exam (2021), Question 147
* GDPR Article 35(3)(b) and Article 9
質問 # 46
What should be the first major goal of a company developing a new privacy program?
- A. To survey potential funding sources for privacy team resources.
- B. To schedule conversations with executives of affected departments.
- C. To create Data Lifecycle Management policies and procedures to limit data collection.
- D. To identify potential third-party processors of the organization's information.
正解：C
質問 # 47
If an organization maintains a separate ethics office, to whom would its officer typically report to in order to retain the greatest degree of independence?
- A. The Chief Financial Officer
- B. The Human Resources Director
- C. The Board of Directors
- D. The organization's General Counsel
正解：C
質問 # 48
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next QUESTION:
You lead the privacy office for a company that handles information from individuals living in several countries throughout Europe and the Americas. You begin that morning's privacy review when a contracts officer sends you a message asking for a phone call. The message lacks clarity and detail, but you presume that data was lost.
When you contact the contracts officer, he tells you that he received a letter in the mail from a vendor stating that the vendor improperly shared information about your customers. He called the vendor and confirmed that your company recently surveyed exactly 2000 individuals about their most recent healthcare experience and sent those surveys to the vendor to transcribe it into a database, but the vendor forgot to encrypt the database as promised in the contract. As a result, the vendor has lost control of the data.
The vendor is extremely apologetic and offers to take responsibility for sending out the notifications. They tell you they set aside 2000 stamped postcards because that should reduce the time it takes to get the notice in the mail. One side is limited to their logo, but the other side is blank and they will accept whatever you want to write. You put their offer on hold and begin to develop the text around the space constraints. You are content to let the vendor's logo be associated with the notification.
The notification explains that your company recently hired a vendor to store information about their most recent experience at St. Sebastian Hospital's Clinic for Infectious Diseases. The vendor did not encrypt the information and no longer has control of it. All 2000 affected individuals are invited to sign-up for email notifications about their information. They simply need to go to your company's website and watch a quick advertisement, then provide their name, email address, and month and year of birth.
You email the incident-response council for their buy-in before 9 a.m. If anything goes wrong in this situation, you want to diffuse the blame across your colleagues. Over the next eight hours, everyone emails their comments back and forth. The consultant who leads the incident-response team notes that it is his first day with the company, but he has been in other industries for 45 years and will do his best. One of the three lawyers on the council causes the conversation to veer off course, but it eventually gets back on track. At the end of the day, they vote to proceed with the notification you wrote and use the vendor's postcards.
Shortly after the vendor mails the postcards, you learn the data was on a server that was stolen, and make the decision to have your company offer credit monitoring services. A quick internet search finds a credit monitoring company with a convincing name: Credit Under Lock and Key (CRUDLOK). Your sales rep has never handled a contract for 2000 people, but develops a proposal in about a day which says CRUDLOK will:
1.Send an enrollment invitation to everyone the day after the contract is signed.
2.Enroll someone with just their first name and the last-4 of their national identifier.
3.Monitor each enrollee's credit for two years from the date of enrollment.
4.Send a monthly email with their credit rating and offers for credit-related services at market rates.
5.Charge your company 20% of the cost of any credit restoration.
You execute the contract and the enrollment invitations are emailed to the 2000 individuals. Three days later you sit down and document all that went well and all that could have gone better. You put it in a file to reference the next time an incident occurs.
What is the most concerning limitation of the incident-response council?
- A. You convened it to diffuse blame
- B. The council has an overabundance of attorneys
- C. The leader just joined the company as a consultant
- D. It takes eight hours of emails to come to a decision
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
This answer is the most concerning limitation of the incident-response council, as it indicates a lack of efficiency, urgency and coordination in handling the incident. It takes eight hours of emails to come to a decision means that the council is wasting valuable time and resources in communicating and resolving the incident, which may result in delayed or inadequate actions, increased harm or impact to the affected individuals or the organization, or non-compliance with any legal or contractual obligations or deadlines.
質問 # 49
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next QUESTION:
John is the new privacy officer at the prestigious international law firm - A&M LLP. A&M LLP is very proud of its reputation in the practice areas of Trusts & Estates and Merger & Acquisition in both U.S. and Europe.
During lunch with a colleague from the Information Technology department, John heard that the Head of IT, Derrick, is about to outsource the firm's email continuity service to their existing email security vendor - MessageSafe. Being successful as an email hygiene vendor, MessageSafe is expanding its business by leasing cloud infrastructure from Cloud Inc. to host email continuity service for A&M LLP.
John is very concerned about this initiative. He recalled that MessageSafe was in the news six months ago due to a security breach. Immediately, John did a quick research of MessageSafe's previous breach and learned that the breach was caused by an unintentional mistake by an IT administrator. He scheduled a meeting with Derrick to address his concerns.
At the meeting, Derrick emphasized that email is the primary method for the firm's lawyers to communicate with clients, thus it is critical to have the email continuity service to avoid any possible email downtime.
Derrick has been using the anti-spam service provided by MessageSafe for five years and is very happy with the quality of service provided by MessageSafe. In addition to the significant discount offered by MessageSafe, Derrick emphasized that he can also speed up the onboarding process since the firm already has a service contract in place with MessageSafe. The existing on-premises email continuity solution is about to reach its end of life very soon and he doesn't have the time or resource to look for another solution.
Furthermore, the off-premises email continuity service will only be turned on when the email service at A&M LLP's primary and secondary data centers are both down, and the email messages stored at MessageSafe site for continuity service will be automatically deleted after 30 days.
Which of the following is the most effective control to enforce MessageSafe's implementation of appropriate technical countermeasures to protect the personal data received from A&M LLP?
- A. MessageSafe must apply appropriate security controls on the cloud infrastructure.
- B. MessageSafe must flow-down its data protection contract terms with A&M LLP to Cloud Inc.
- C. MessageSafe must apply due diligence before trusting Cloud Inc. with the personal data received from A&M LLP.
- D. MessageSafe must notify A&M LLP of a data breach.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The most effective control to enforce MessageSafe's implementation of appropriate technical countermeasures to protect the personal data received from A&M LLP is to require MessageSafe to apply appropriate security controls on the cloud infrastructure. This control ensures that MessageSafe takes responsibility for securing the personal data that it processes on behalf of A&M LLP on the cloud platform provided by Cloud Inc. According to the GDPR, data processors must implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk of processing personal data1 These measures may include encryption, pseudonymisation, access control, backup and recovery, logging and monitoring, vulnerability management, incident response, etc2 Furthermore, data processors must ensure that any sub-processors they engage to process personal data on behalf of the data controller also comply with the same obligations3 Therefore, MessageSafe must ensure that Cloud Inc. provides adequate security guarantees for the cloud infrastructure and services that it uses to host the email continuity service for A&M LLP.
MessageSafe must also monitor and audit the security performance of Cloud Inc. and report any issues or breaches to A&M LLP. References: 1: Article 32 GDPR | General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR); 2: Guidelines 4/2019 on Article 25 Data Protection by Design and by Default | European Data Protection Board; 3: Article 28 GDPR | General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
質問 # 50
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next question:
Penny has recently joined Ace Space, a company that sells homeware accessories online, as its new privacy officer. The company is based in California but thanks to some great publicity from a social media influencer last year, the company has received an influx of sales from the EU and has set up a regional office in Ireland to support this expansion. To become familiar with Ace Space's practices and assess what her privacy priorities will be, Penny has set up meetings with a number of colleagues to hear about the work that they have been doing and their compliance efforts.
Penny's colleague in Marketing is excited by the new sales and the company's plans, but is also concerned that Penny may curtail some of the growth opportunities he has planned. He tells her "I heard someone in the breakroom talking about some new privacy laws but I really don't think it affects us. We're just a small company. I mean we just sell accessories online, so what's the real risk?" He has also told her that he works with a number of small companies that help him get projects completed in a hurry. "We've got to meet our deadlines otherwise we lose money. I just sign the contracts and get Jim in finance to push through the payment. Reviewing the contracts takes time that we just don't have." In her meeting with a member of the IT team, Penny has learned that although Ace Space has taken a number of precautions to protect its website from malicious activity, it has not taken the same level of care of its physical files or internal infrastructure. Penny's colleague in IT has told her that a former employee lost an encrypted USB key with financial data on it when he left. The company nearly lost access to their customer database last year after they fell victim to a phishing attack. Penny is told by her IT colleague that the IT team
"didn't know what to do or who should do what. We hadn't been trained on it but we're a small team though, so it worked out OK in the end." Penny is concerned that these issues will compromise Ace Space's privacy and data protection.
Penny is aware that the company has solid plans to grow its international sales and will be working closely with the CEO to give the organization a data "shake up". Her mission is to cultivate a strong privacy culture within the company.
Penny has a meeting with Ace Space's CEO today and has been asked to give her first impressions and an overview of her next steps.
What is the best way for Penny to understand the location, classification and processing purpose of the personal data Ace Space has?
- A. Review all cloud contracts to identify the location of data servers used
- B. Audit all vendors' privacy practices and safeguards
- C. Analyze the data inventory to map data flows
- D. Conduct a Privacy Impact Assessment for the company
正解：B
質問 # 51
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next QUESTION:
Henry Home Furnishings has built high-end furniture for nearly forty years. However, the new owner, Anton, has found some degree of disorganization after touring the company headquarters. His uncle Henry had always focused on production - not data processing - and Anton is concerned. In several storage rooms, he has found paper files, disks, and old computers that appear to contain the personal data of current and former employees and customers. Anton knows that a single break-in could irrevocably damage the company's relationship with its loyal customers. He intends to set a goal of guaranteed zero loss of personal information.
To this end, Anton originally planned to place restrictions on who was admitted to the physical premises of the company. However, Kenneth - his uncle's vice president and longtime confidante - wants to hold off on Anton's idea in favor of converting any paper records held at the company to electronic storage. Kenneth believes this process would only take one or two years. Anton likes this idea; he envisions a password- protected system that only he and Kenneth can access.
Anton also plans to divest the company of most of its subsidiaries. Not only will this make his job easier, but it will simplify the management of the stored data. The heads of subsidiaries like the art gallery and kitchenware store down the street will be responsible for their own information management. Then, any unneeded subsidiary data still in Anton's possession can be destroyed within the next few years.
After learning of a recent security incident, Anton realizes that another crucial step will be notifying customers. Kenneth insists that two lost hard drives in Question are not cause for concern; all of the data was encrypted and not sensitive in nature. Anton does not want to take any chances, however. He intends on sending notice letters to all employees and customers to be safe.
Anton must also check for compliance with all legislative, regulatory, and market requirements related to privacy protection. Kenneth oversaw the development of the company's online presence about ten years ago, but Anton is not confident about his understanding of recent online marketing laws. Anton is assigning another trusted employee with a law background the task of the compliance assessment. After a thorough analysis, Anton knows the company should be safe for another five years, at which time he can order another check.
Documentation of this analysis will show auditors due diligence.
Anton has started down a long road toward improved management of the company, but he knows the effort is worth it. Anton wants his uncle's legacy to continue for many years to come.
In terms of compliance with regulatory and legislative changes, Anton has a misconception regarding?
- A. The type of required qualifications.
- B. The method of recordkeeping.
- C. The timeline for monitoring.
- D. The use of internal employees.
正解：B
質問 # 52
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next question:
Perhaps Jack Kelly should have stayed in the U.S. He enjoys a formidable reputation inside the company, Special Handling Shipping, for his work in reforming certain "rogue" offices. Last year, news broke that a police sting operation had revealed a drug ring operating in the Providence, Rhode Island office in the United States.
Video from the office's video surveillance cameras leaked to news operations showed a drug exchange between Special Handling staff and undercover officers.
In the wake of this incident, Kelly had been sent to Providence to change the "hands off" culture that upper management believed had let the criminal elements conduct their illicit transactions. After a few weeks under Kelly's direction, the office became a model of efficiency and customer service. Kelly monitored his workers' activities using the same cameras that had recorded the illegal conduct of their former co-workers.
Now Kelly has been charged with turning around the office in Cork, Ireland, another trouble spot. The company has received numerous reports of the staff leaving the office unattended. When Kelly arrived, he found that even when present, the staff often spent their days socializing or conducting personal business on their mobile phones. Again, he observed their behaviors using surveillance cameras. He issued written reprimands to six staff members based on the first day of video alone.
Much to Kelly's surprise and chagrin, he and the company are now under investigation by the Data Protection Commissioner of Ireland for allegedly violating the privacy rights of employees. Kelly was told that the company's license for the cameras listed facility security as their main use, but he does not know why this matters. He has pointed out to his superiors that the company's training programs on privacy protection and data collection mention nothing about surveillance video.
You are a privacy protection consultant, hired by the company to assess this incident, report on the legal and compliance issues, and recommend next steps.
What does this example best illustrate about training requirements for privacy protection?
- A. Training needs must be weighed against financial costs.
- B. Training must include assessments to verify that the material is mastered.
- C. Training must be repeated frequently to respond to new legislation.
- D. Training on local laws must be implemented for all personnel.
正解：D
質問 # 53
Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), when would a data subject have the right to require the erasure of his or her data without undue delay?
- A. When the erasure is in the public interest.
- B. When the data is no longer necessary for its original purpose.
- C. When the data subject is a public authority.
- D. When the processing is carried out by automated means.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
This answer is one of the situations when a data subject would have the right to require the erasure of his or her data without undue delay under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is also known as the right to be forgotten or the right to erasure. This right allows a data subject to request that a data controller deletes his or her personal data when one of the following grounds applies:
* The data is no longer necessary for its original purpose.
* The data subject withdraws his or her consent for processing.
* The data subject objects to processing based on legitimate interests or direct marketing.
* The processing is unlawful or violates other laws or regulations.
* The processing is related to online services offered to children.
質問 # 54
What does it mean to "rationalize" data protection requirements?
- A. Evaluate the costs and risks of applicable laws and regulations and address those that have the greatest penalties
- B. Look for overlaps in laws and regulations from which a common solution can be developed
- C. Determine where laws and regulations are redundant in order to eliminate some from requiring compliance
- D. Address the less stringent laws and regulations, and inform stakeholders why they are applicable
正解：C
質問 # 55
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next question
You were recently hired by InStyte Date Corp as a privacy manager to help InStyle Data Corp become compliant with a new data protection law The law mandates that businesses have reasonable and appropriate security measures in place to protect personal data. Violations of that mandate are heavily fined and the legislators have stated that they will aggressively pursue companies that don t comply with the new law You are paved with a security manager and tasked with reviewing InStyle Data Corp s current state and advising the business how it can meet the "reasonable and appropriate security" requirement InStyle Data Corp has grown rapidly and has not kept a data inventory or completed a data mapping InStyte Data Corp has also developed security-related policies ad hoc and many have never been implemented The various teams involved in the creation and testing of InStyle Data Corp s products experience significant turnover and do not have well defined roles There's little documentation addressing what personal data is processed by which product and for what purpose Work needs to begin on this project immediately so that InStyle Data Corp can become compliant by the time the law goes into effect. You and you partner discover that InStyle Data Corp regularly sends files containing sensitive personal data back to its customers through email sometimes using InStyle Data Corp employees personal email accounts. You also team that InStyle Data Corp s privacy and information security teams are not informed of new personal data flows, new products developed by InStyte Data Corp that process personal data, or updates to existing InStyle Data Corp products that may change what or how the personal data is processed until after the product or update has gone have.
Through a review of InStyle Date Corp's test and development environment logs, you discover InStyle Data Corp sometimes gives login credentials to any InStyle Data Corp employee or contractor who requests them.
The test environment only contains dummy data but the development environment contains personal data including Social Security Numbers, hearth ^formation and financial information All credentialed InStyle Data Corp employees and contractors have the ability to after and delete personal data in both environments regardless of their role or what project they are working on.
You and your partner provide a gap assessment citing the issues you spotted, along with recommended remedial actions and a method to measure implementation InStyle Data Corp implements all of the recommended security controls You review the processes roles, controls and measures taken to appropriately protect the personal data at every stop However, you realize there is no plan for monitoring and nothing in place addressing sanctions for violations of the updated policies and procedures InStyle Data Corp pushes back, stating they do not have the resources for such monitoring.
Having completed the gap assessment, you and your partner need to first undertake a thorough review of?
- A. System development life cycle.
- B. Data life cyde
- C. Security policies.
- D. Privacy Impact (PIA).
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Having completed the gap assessment, you and your partner need to first undertake a thorough review of the system development life cycle (SDLC). This is because the SDLC is the process of creating, testing, deploying, and maintaining software products, which involves the processing of personal data by InStyle Data Corp. A review of the SDLC will help you identify and address the privacy and security risks and requirements at each stage of the development process, such as design, coding, testing, and deployment. The other options are not the first things that you need to review, as they are either part of the gap assessment (security policies) or the outcome of the review (data life cycle and privacy impact assessment).
質問 # 56
SCENARIO
Please use the following to answer the next QUESTION:
As the Director of data protection for Consolidated Records Corporation, you are justifiably pleased with your accomplishments so far. Your hiring was precipitated by warnings from regulatory agencies following a series of relatively minor data breaches that could easily have been worse. However, you have not had a reportable incident for the three years that you have been with the company. In fact, you consider your program a model that others in the data storage industry may note in their own program development.
You started the program at Consolidated from a jumbled mix of policies and procedures and worked toward coherence across departments and throughout operations. You were aided along the way by the program's sponsor, the vice president of operations, as well as by a Privacy Team that started from a clear understanding of the need for change.
Initially, your work was greeted with little confidence or enthusiasm by the company's "old guard" among both the executive team and frontline personnel working with data and interfacing with clients. Through the use of metrics that showed the costs not only of the breaches that had occurred, but also projections of the costs that easily could occur given the current state of operations, you soon had the leaders and key decision-makers largely on your side. Many of the other employees were more resistant, but face-to-face meetings with each department and the development of a baseline privacy training program achieved sufficient "buy-in" to begin putting the proper procedures into place.
Now, privacy protection is an accepted component of all current operations involving personal or protected data and must be part of the end product of any process of technological development. While your approach is not systematic, it is fairly effective.
You are left contemplating:
What must be done to maintain the program and develop it beyond just a data breach prevention program? How can you build on your success?
What are the next action steps?
What process could most effectively be used to add privacy protections to a new, comprehensive program being developed at Consolidated?
- A. Privacy by Design.
- B. Information Security Planning.
- C. Innovation Privacy Standards.
- D. Privacy Step Assessment.
正解：B
質問 # 57
Which is TRUE about the scope and authority of data protection oversight authorities?
- A. All authority in the European Union rests with the Data Protection Commission (DPC).
- B. No one agency officially oversees the enforcement of privacy regulations in the United States.
- C. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner (OPC) of Canada has the right to impose financial sanctions on violators.
- D. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Privacy Frameworks require all member nations to designate a national data protection authority.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The true statement about the scope and authority of data protection oversight authorities is that no one agency officially oversees the enforcement of privacy regulations in the United States. Unlike other regions, such as the European Union or Canada, the United States does not have a comprehensive federal privacy law or a single national data protection authority. Instead, it has a patchwork of sector-specific and state-level laws and regulations, enforced by various federal and state agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Commerce (DOC), etc. Additionally, individuals can also bring private lawsuits against organizations that violate their privacy rights. References:
[Data Protection Authorities], [Privacy Law in the United States]
質問 # 58
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