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質問 # 64
A call center has requested to review their sales conversion data for the month. The analyst working on this request is trying to identify the chart that will effectively present the data, which includes: the number of leads, the number of calls made, the number of calls completed, the number of customers interested and the number of sales. What chart should the analyst use to show the values across each stage of the pipeline?
- A. Bullet chart
- B. Pie chart
- C. Funnel chart
- D. Bar chart
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
A funnel chart is a type of chart that shows the values of different stages of a process, such as a sales pipeline, where each stage represents a subset of the previous one. A funnel chart is useful for showing the conversion rate, the drop-off rate, and the potential revenue or profit at each stage12. A funnel chart would be an effective way to present the data requested by the call center, as it would show the number of leads, calls, customers, and sales, as well as the percentage of change between each stage. References: 1: Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 662: Data Visualization: A Practical Introduction, Kieran Healy, 2018, p. 233.
質問 # 65
A company wants to gauge the thoughts of their employees towards a new company product. On the 25th of March the interviewer makes a list of all employees who were at work on that day and then chooses a subset of those employees to interview. Which term describes the list of all employees present on March 25th?
- A. Survey sample
- B. Sampling frame
- C. Population of interest
- D. Sample weights
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The sampling frame is the term that describes the list of all employees present on March 25th, because it is a technique that defines the set of elements from which a sample is drawn. The sampling frame should ideally match the population of interest, which is the group of elements that the researcher wants to study or make inferences about. In this case, the population of interest is the employees of the company, and the sampling frame is the subset of employees who were at work on a specific day. The survey sample is the technique that selects a portion of the sampling frame to participate in the survey. The sample weights are the technique that assigns different values or importance to each element in the sample, based on their representation in the population. References:
*Business Analysis Certification in Data Analytics, CBDA | IIBA®, CBDA Competencies, Domain 2: Source Data
*Understanding the Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 14
*CERTIFICATION IN BUSINESS DATA ANALYTICS HANDBOOK - IIBA®, page 8, CBDA Exam Sample Questions and Self-Assessment, Question 14
質問 # 66
A data dictionary is being developed for a dataset describing a company's customer base. Within the data dictionary, which of the following represents a composite data element?
- A. Street address
- B. Total sale
- C. First name
- D. Birthdate
正解：A
解説：
A composite data element is a data element that is made up of smaller units called sub-elements, which are separated by a sub-element separator character, such as a colon (:). For example, ITEMNO is a composite data element that consists of three sub-elements: part number, aisle number, and bin number. A street address is also a composite data element that can consist of sub-elements such as street number, street name, city, state, and zip code. First name, total sale, and birthdate are simple data elements that do not have sub-elements.
References:Data Elements - IBM, UN/EDIFACT Syntax Rules
質問 # 67
The analytics team is assessing the results of their analysis. They are surprised to find that their data indicates two events seem to be strongly related even though the general belief in the organization is that they are independent of each other. Knowing that this information will be used for decision making, they are concerned about presenting this data. At an impasse, the business analysis professional reminds them that the data can be presented as long as the team has:
- A. Review the results with management ahead of time and highlight any potential risk of using this data
- B. Followed all rules for data analysis endorsed as organizational standards so the risk of acting on this is low
- C. Confidence that the correlation will reliably occur in the future and the risk of acting on this is low
- D. The ability to rerun the data analysis and the results are the same thereby minimizing the risk of acting on this
正解：D
解説：
The ability to rerun the data analysis and the results are the same is the condition that the team should have before presenting the data, because it is a technique that ensures the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of the data analysis. By rerunning the data analysis, the team can verify that the results are consistent and not affected by random errors, biases, or anomalies. The team can also confirm that the data analysis process is well-documented, transparent, and traceable, and that the results can be replicated by other analysts or stakeholders. This can minimize the risk of acting on the data, and increase the confidence and trust in the data analysis. References:
*Business Analysis Certification in Data Analytics, CBDA | IIBA®, CBDA Competencies, Domain 4:
Interpret and Report Results
*Understanding the Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 9
*Business Data Analytics (IIBA®-CBDA Exam preparation) | Udemy, Section 4: Interpretand Report Results, Lecture 20: Data Validation and Verification
質問 # 68
A large retail chain has asked their analytics team to complete a study on their customers' purchasing patterns.
The analyst assigned to the study has decided to draw further insight by grouping customers based on their purchasing habits.This clustering approach is an example of:
- A. Untrained learning
- B. Unsupervised learning
- C. Trained learning
- D. Supervised learning
正解：B
解説：
Unsupervised learning is a category of data analysis techniques that does not require labeled data or predefined outcomes. Unsupervised learning aims to discover patterns, structures, or relationships in the data without any guidance or supervision. Clustering is a common example of unsupervised learning, where the data is grouped into clusters based on some similarity or distance measure. Clustering can help reveal customer segments, market trends, or product preferences, among other insights.
References:Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 39; Introduction to Business Data Analytics: A Practitioner View, page 10.
質問 # 69
An analyst supporting the Marketing department for a specialty retailer has been asked to look through past sales data to help guide product decisions. The business sponsor for this initiative would first like to know
'What is the most profitable product line?'. What type of analytics is the analyst going to perform to address this question?
- A. Prescriptive
- B. Predictive
- C. Diagnostic
- D. Descriptive
正解：D
解説：
According to the Guide to Business Data Analytics, descriptive analytics is a type of analytics that summarizes and presents data in a meaningful way. Descriptive analytics uses techniques such as statistics, charts, tables, and dashboards to provide an overview of what has happened or is happening in the data. Descriptive analytics can help answer questions such as who, what, when, where, and how. In this situation, the analyst has been asked to look through past sales data to help guide product decisions. The business sponsor for this initiative would first like to know 'What is the most profitable product line?'. This is a descriptive analytics question, as it involves summarizing and presenting the past sales data by product line and calculating the profit margin for each product line.
References: Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 49; CBDA Exam Blueprint, page 7; [Introduction to Business Data Analytics: A Practitioner View], page 14.
質問 # 70
The analytics team has completed their analytics work and have agreed on a set of five key recommendations.
They are now discussing how best to communicate these recommendations to the finance, customer service, and marketing teams. Recognizing that this is a diverse set of stakeholders, the business analysis professional reminds the team:
- A. Recommendations are important and must be communicated with as much detail as possible
- B. All stakeholders should receive information about the recommendation in the same way
- C. The recommendation should be communicated in different ways for different stakeholders
- D. Stakeholders only have the ability to understand summarized recommendations
正解：C
解説：
According to the Guide to Business Data Analytics, the recommendation is the output of the data analysis that provides suggestions or guidance for actions or decisions based on the data insights. The recommendation should be communicated in different ways for different stakeholders, depending on their needs, preferences, and expectations. The communication should consider the following factors:
* The level of detail and complexity: Some stakeholders may require more or less detail and complexity in
* the recommendation, depending on their role, responsibility, and involvement in the data analysis project. For example, the finance team may need more detail and complexity than the customer service team, as they are more concerned with the financial implications and feasibility of the recommendation.
* The format and medium: Some stakeholders may prefer different formats and mediums for receiving the recommendation, depending on their availability, accessibility, and learning style. For example, the marketing team may prefer a visual and interactive format, such as a dashboard or a presentation, than a textual and static format, such as a report or a document.
* The tone and language: Some stakeholders may respond better to different tones and languages for the recommendation, depending on their culture, background, and personality. For example, some stakeholders may appreciate a formal and professional tone and language, while others may prefer a casual and friendly tone and language.
The communication should also follow the principles of clarity, accuracy, relevance, and timeliness, as well as adhere to the ethical and legal standards for data privacy and security.
References: Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 50-51; CBDA Exam Blueprint, page 7; [Introduction toBusiness Data Analytics: A Practitioner View], page 16.
質問 # 71
The team has completed their analysis on a vast amount of collected data and agree on their recommendations for action.
However, they are having difficulty in developing the appropriate messages to support their recommendations.
The business analysis professional suggests which technique to assist the team?
- A. Visioning
- B. T-Testing
- C. Storyboarding
- D. Simulation
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Storyboarding is a technique that helps the team to develop the appropriate messages to support their recommendations by creating a visual sequence of the main points, evidence, and actions. Storyboarding helps the team to organize their thoughts, identify gaps, and communicate their findings in a clear and compelling way12 References: 1: Developing Key Messages for Effective Communication - MSKTC 2: 11 Ways Highly Successful Leaders Support Their Team - Redbooth
質問 # 72
An analytics team completed their research to determine why customers are abandoning items in their online shopping cart. The team suggests improvements to the website to address the problem. The Director of Sales proclaims that the current website is fine and indicates that the problem materialized when the company increased its shipping rates. The solution proposed by the team seems misaligned. What has gone wrong?
- A. The team has not agreed on the root cause of the problem
- B. The team did not agree on the business problem
- C. An insufficient amount of planning was performed
- D. This scenario cannot be addressed with analytics
正解：B
解説：
Agreeing on the business problem is the first and most critical step in any analytics project, as it defines the scope, purpose, and objectives of the analysis, and aligns the expectations and interests of the stakeholders1. Agreeing on the business problem involves identifying the problem statement, the problem owner, the problem context, the problem impact, and the problem criteria2. If the team did not agree on the business problem, the solution proposed by the team may seem misaligned with the actual needs, preferences, or assumptions of the decision makers, and may not address the root cause or the main drivers of the problem.
In this scenario, the team and the Director of Sales may have different views on what the business problem is, why it is important, and how it should be solved.
The other options are not correct explanations of what has gone wrong. This scenario can be addressed with analytics, as it involves using data to understand customer behavior, identify factors influencing cart abandonment, and recommend improvements to the website or the pricing strategy. The team may or may not have agreed on the root cause of the problem, but that is not the main issue, as the root cause analysis is a part of the data analysis step, not the problem definition step. The team may or may not have performed an insufficient amount of planning, but that is not the main issue, as the planning process is a subsequent step after the problem definition step, and it depends on the clarity and agreement of the business problem.
References:1: Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 252: Introduction to Business Data Analytics:
A Practitioner View, IIBA, 2019, p. 11. : Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 25. : Introduction to Business Data Analytics: A Practitioner View, IIBA, 2019, p. 11.
質問 # 73
As the team discusses how to utilize the results of their data analysis to put forth a business recommendation, an analyst on the team voices concern over the current organizational culture presenting a roadblock to their ability to influence business decision making. Which of the following would be a justifiable concern at this stage of the team's efforts?
- A. Changing the mindsets of business stakeholders to trust insights gleaned from data over experience and intuition
- B. Finding data that creates value creating difficulties, as not all data helps a business make better decisions
- C. Difficulty bringing business stakeholders to a shared understanding about value when sharing data assets across business domains
- D. Applying a myopic view of data and establishing data silos which create roadblocks to exploring available data sources
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
A justifiable concern at this stage of the team's efforts is changing the mindsets of business stakeholders to trust insights gleaned from data over experience and intuition. This is because some stakeholders may have a strong attachment to their own opinions or beliefs, and may resist or ignore data that contradicts them. This can create a barrier to data-driven decision making, which requires a culture of curiosity, openness, and evidence-based reasoning. The team needs to communicate the value and validity of their data analysis, and persuade the stakeholders to adopt a data-driven mindset12 References: 1: Use Data to Accelerate Your Business Strategy 2: Data-Driven Decision Making: A Step-by-Step Guide
質問 # 74
An analyst is tasked with helping the sales team make better use of its data to support informed business decision making. The analyst creates the following research question 'How can shipping costs be lowered in the northeast to remain competitive?'.This question:
- A. Is sufficient to begin analytics work and can be revised after analysis
- B. Is adequately stated and scopes the analytics initiative
- C. Needs to be further defined before mathematical modeling can begin
- D. Needs to be more broadly focused to frame the research
正解：C
解説：
According to the Guide to Business Data Analytics, a research question is a clear, concise, and specific question that guides the analytics work1. The research question should be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound2. The question 'How can shipping costs be lowered in the northeast to remain competitive?' is not SMART, as it lacks some important details, such as:
* What is the current shipping cost and the target cost reduction?
* What are the criteria for measuring competitiveness?
* What is the time frame for achieving the cost reduction and competitiveness?
* What are the factors that influence the shipping cost and competitiveness?
* What are the assumptions and constraints of the analysis? Therefore, the question needs to be further defined before mathematical modeling can begin, as the modeling requires clear and precise inputs and outputs. The other options are not correct, as they imply that the question is either too vague or too narrow, which is not the case.
References:1: Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 312: Introduction to Business Data Analytics:
A Practitioner View, IIBA, 2019, p. 11.
質問 # 75
A software company launched a new product in late 2016. The product manager is reviewing a Box and Whisker plot used to compare year-over-year sales, from 2017 to 2018. What is the conclusion he can make from this chart?
- A. 2017 minimum and maximum sales are higher than 2018, and the 2017 median result is higher than the 2018 median result
- B. 2018 minimum and maximum sales are higher than 2017, and the 2018 quartile results are higher than 2017 quartile results
- C. 2017 minimum and maximum sales are higher than 2018, but the 2017 median result is lower than 2018 1st quartile result
- D. 2018 minimum and maximum sales are higher than 2017, and the 2018 1st quartile is higher than 2017 median result
正解：D
質問 # 76
A consumer products company is interested in finding ways to innovate utilizing business analytics. The team is reviewing a database of customer complaints. Interested in knowing how the organization currently interacts with its customers, the analyst proposes the use of which technique?
- A. Interface analysis
- B. Journey map
- C. Current state assessment
- D. Document analysis
正解：B
解説：
A journey map is a visual representation of the interactions and experiences of a customer or stakeholder with an organization, product, or service over time. A journey map can help identify pain points, gaps, opportunities, and emotions along the customer journey. A journey map can also help understand the current state of the customer experience and how it can be improved or innovated using business analytics.
References:Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 55; Introduction to Business Data Analytics: An Organizational View, page 18.
質問 # 77
A professional association is funded by membership fees. The membership renewal occurs every 5 years.
Although, they have a strong subscription rate each year, their renewal rate is low. They are working with an external firm specializing in Business Analytics to identify the groups of customers that have a high likelihood of cancelling their subscription after their first 5-year term ends. This type of study is called:
- A. Untrained learning
- B. Unsupervised learning
- C. Trained learning
- D. Supervised learning
正解：B
解説：
Unsupervised learning is a type of study that involves finding patterns or clusters in data without any predefined labels or outcomes. It is useful for exploring data and discovering hidden structures or groups of customers. For example, the professional association can use unsupervised learning to identify the characteristics of customers who are likely to cancel their subscription after their first 5-year term ends, and then design strategies to retain them12 References: 1: What is Unsupervised Learning? - IBM 2: Unsupervised Learning - IIBA BABOK Guide v3
質問 # 78
The analytics team is assessing the results of their analysis. They are surprised to find that their data indicates two events seem to be strongly related even though the general belief in the organization is that they are independent of each other. Knowing that this information will be used for decision making, they are concerned about presenting this data. At an impasse, the business analysis professional reminds them that the data can be presented as long as the team has:
- A. Review the results with management ahead of time and highlight any potential risk of using this data
- B. Followed all rules for data analysis endorsed as organizational standards so the risk of acting on this is low
- C. Confidence that the correlation will reliably occur in the future and the risk of acting on this is low
- D. The ability to rerun the data analysis and the results are the same thereby minimizing the risk of acting on this
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The ability to rerun the data analysis and the results are the same is the condition that the team should have before presenting the data, because it is a technique that ensures the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of the data analysis. By rerunning the data analysis, the team can verify that the results are consistent and not affected by random errors, biases, or anomalies. The team can also confirm that the data analysis process is well-documented, transparent, and traceable, and that the results can be replicated by other analysts or stakeholders. This can minimize the risk of acting on the data, and increase the confidence and trust in the data analysis. References:
*Business Analysis Certification in Data Analytics, CBDA | IIBA®, CBDA Competencies, Domain 4:
Interpret and Report Results
*Understanding the Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 9
*Business Data Analytics (IIBA®-CBDA Exam preparation) | Udemy, Section 4: Interpret and Report Results, Lecture 20: Data Validation and Verification
質問 # 79
A financial institution is interested in leveraging analytics to address a recent surge in credit card fraud. The company has decided to invest in streaming analytics to obtain instant access to real-time data to stop fraudulent behavior before it occurs. Which practice will help the financial institution integrate the data as it is collected?
- A. Data management
- B. Data security
- C. Data quality
- D. Data architecture
正解：D
解説：
Data architecture is the practice of designing and implementing the structures, models, standards, and processes that enable data integration, storage, and consumption. Data architecture is essential for streaming analytics, as it defines how data is collected, processed, and delivered in real time from multiple sources. Data architecture helps the financial institution integrate the data as it is collected by ensuring data compatibility, consistency, and quality across the streaming pipeline. Data architecture also supports data security, scalability, and performance for streaming analytics. References:
* Certification in Business Data Analytics (IIBA ® - CBDA), IIBA, accessed on January 20, 2024.
* Business Data Analytics Certification - CBDA Competencies | IIBA®, IIBA, accessed on January 20,
2024.
* Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 17-18.
* What is Streaming Analytics? | Google Cloud, Google Cloud, accessed on January 20, 2024.
* What is Data Integration? | IBM, IBM, accessed on January 20, 2024.
質問 # 80
What type of data model describes the highest level of relationship between entities and represents how a business perceives its information?
- A. Entity Relationship
- B. Physical
- C. Logical
- D. Conceptual
正解：D
解説：
According to the Guide to Business Data Analytics, a conceptual data model is a type of data model that describes the highest level of relationship between entities and represents how a business perceives its information. A conceptual data model is independent of any specific technology or implementation details. It focuses on the key concepts and their attributes, as well as the business rules and constraints that govern them.
A conceptual data model can help communicate the business requirements and scope of the data analysis project to various stakeholders.
References: Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 53; CBDA Exam Blueprint, page 7; Data Model Types:
An Explanation with Examples
質問 # 81
An analytics team employed at a leading credit card company is utilizing data analytics to identify unusual credit card purchases.
They have created the following visual. How many extreme outliers exists in this dataset?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
According to the Business Data Analytics (IIBA®- CBDA) principles, extreme outliers in a dataset can be identified visually on a scatter plot as points that are distinctly separate from the bulk of the data. In this visual, there are three points that are significantly higher on the y-axis (credit card expense) relative to their position on the x-axis (household income), indicating unusual credit card purchases. References: The identification and interpretation of outliers is a standard practice in data analytics and is covered under the Business Data Analytics (IIBA®- CBDA) learning resources.
質問 # 82
The analytics team scheduled a meeting with key stakeholders to present their recommendations. The team envisioned this as the final step of their work and fully expected complete acceptance of those recommendations, particularly given that very few questions were asked. They were surprised when they received word that the organization wasn't ready to move forward. What did they overlook?
- A. Communicating information is bi-directional and iterative
- B. Stakeholders need to hear the same information multiple times
- C. Communicating information requires a written report
- D. Stakeholders never make quick decisions
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The analytics team overlooked the fact that communicating information is not a one-way or one-time process, but rather a bi-directional and iterative one. This means that the team should not only present their recommendations, but also solicit feedback, address concerns, clarify doubts, and confirm understanding from the stakeholders. By doing so, the team can ensure that the stakeholders are fully engaged, informed, and aligned with the recommendations, and that any potential barriers or risks are identified and mitigated before moving forward. References:
*Understanding the Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 9
*Business Analysis Certification in Data Analytics, CBDA | IIBA®, CBDA Competencies, Domain 4:
Interpret and Report Results
*CERTIFICATION IN BUSINESS DATA ANALYTICS HANDBOOK - IIBA®, page 5, Step 3 - Schedule and Take The Exam
質問 # 83
The architecture team puts forth a solution architecture that integrates multiple data sources from within and outside the organization. The architecture provides the foundation to source a new analytics program. If one of the objectives of the analytics team was to provide 'one source of the truth', this objective would be referring to which of the following?
- A. Ensuring stakeholders always have clear insight into the final requirements at all times
- B. Evaluating the completeness, validity, and reliability of the data from source systems
- C. Enforcing master data management principles and practices
- D. Identifying one key stakeholder, who can make final decisions about which sources to relate/merge
正解：C
解説：
Providing 'one source of the truth' means ensuring that there is a single, consistent, and authoritative source of data that can be used for analytics and decision making across the organization. This objective can be achieved by enforcing master data management principles and practices, which involve defining, governing, and maintaining the quality and integrity of the core data entities that are shared by multiple systems and processes. Master data management helps to eliminate data silos, reduce data duplication and inconsistency, and improve data accuracy and reliability12 References: 1: What is Master Data Management (MDM)? - Informatica 2: Master Data Management - IIBA BABOK Guide v3
質問 # 84
A consumer goods manufacturer has recently completed an analytics study to understand how to improve its operational excellence. From the top highlights, online sales outperformed other channels in sales growth and there was a direct relationship between positive customer reviews and increased internet sales. Which strategic business decision may be logically derived from these results?
- A. Encourage customers to complete online reviews
- B. Improve operational efficiencies
- C. Create an empowered and collaborative work culture
- D. Improve quality of the products
正解：A
解説：
The strategic business decision that may be logically derived from the results is to encourage customers to complete online reviews, because the results show that there is a direct relationship between positive customer reviews and increased internet sales. By increasing the number and quality of online reviews, the consumer goods manufacturer can boost its online sales performance, which outperformed other channels in sales growth. Online reviews can also help the manufacturer gain customer feedback, improve customer loyalty, and enhance its brand reputation. References:
*Business Analysis Certification in Data Analytics, CBDA | IIBA®, CBDA Competencies, Domain 5: Use Results to Influence Business Decision Making
*Understanding the Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 9
*CERTIFICATION IN BUSINESS DATA ANALYTICS HANDBOOK - IIBA®, page 8, CBDA Exam Sample Questions and Self-Assessment, Question 6
質問 # 85
DIAGRAM TAKEN
A data scientist is analyzing a dataset to determine if there is a strong relationship between twovariables. A measure of covariance is done. Which of the following graphs indicate Zero Covariance between variables?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：C
解説：
In the context of Business Data Analytics (IIBA®- CBDA), zero covariance between two variables indicates that there is no linear relationship between those variables. When the covariance is zero, it means the variables are independent of each other. In the provided options, graph 4 shows a random scatter of data points without any apparent trend or pattern, indicating zero covariance.
References: The explanation is in alignment with the concepts and principles outlined in IIBA's resources on Business Data Analytics, particularly focusing on statistical analysis and data interpretation.
質問 # 86
An analytics team has been asked to answer the following question: "Given that you're a customer, would you work at our company?" The team is concerned about answering this question because it is:
- A. Insignificant
- B. Unclear
- C. Short
- D. Unethical
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The question "Given that you're a customer, would you work at our company?" is unclear, because it is a hypothetical and subjective question that does not specify the purpose, scope, or context of the analysis. The question also does not define what constitutes a customer, or how the customer's experience or satisfaction relates to the employee's motivation or performance. The question needs to be refined and clarified to make it more focused, relevant, and feasible for the analytics team to answer. For example, the question could be rephrased as "How does the customer satisfaction score affect the employee retention rate in our company?" References:
*Business Analysis Certification in Data Analytics, CBDA | IIBA®, CBDA Competencies, Domain 1: Identify the Research Questions
*Understanding the Guide to Business Data Analytics, page 10-11
*CERTIFICATION IN BUSINESS DATA ANALYTICS HANDBOOK - IIBA®, page 8, CBDA Exam Sample Questions and Self-Assessment, Question 16
質問 # 87
An analyst has just completed building a data model that shows the table structures including table names, table relationships with primary and foreign keys and column names with respective data types. What type of data model has the analyst just built?
- A. Physical
- B. Conceptual
- C. Hierarchical
- D. Logical
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
A physical data model is the most detailed and specific type of data model, which shows how the data is stored, accessed, and manipulated in the database. It includes the table structures, column names, data types, primary and foreign keys, constraints, indexes, and other physical attributes of the data12. References: 1:
Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 542: Data Modeling Essentials, Graeme Simsion and Graham Witt, 2005, p. 15.
質問 # 88
What is the relationship between a Customer entity and an Order entity, where a customer entry will be present in the Customer entity only if they have made an order?
- A. one-to-many
- B. zero-to-one
- C. one-to-one
- D. many-to-many
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The relationship between a Customer entity and an Order entity, where a customer entry will be present in the Customer entity only if they have made an order, is a zero-to-one relationship. This means that for each record in the Order entity, there can be either zero or one record in the Customer entity that is related to it. This implies that the Order entity is optional for the Customer entity, and the Customer entity is mandatory for the Order entity12 References: 1: A Guide to the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) - Database Star 2:
Developing an Application - Oracle
質問 # 89
......
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