合格させるCourses and Certificates Global-Economics-for-Managersテスト問題集で[2026年05月23日] 更新された102問あります
WGU Global-Economics-for-Managers実際の問題と100%カバー率でリアル試験問題
質問 # 50
In a monopoly, which statements are likely true? (Choose TWO.)
- A. There are barriers to entry into the market
- B. Marginal revenue equals price
- C. Entry is free in the long run
- D. One seller offers a unique good with no close substitutes
- E. Firms are price takers
正解：A、D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, monopolies are characterized bya single seller offering a unique product andstrong barriers to entry, making options A and B correct.
Monopolists face no close substitutes and can influence market prices. Barriers to entry-such as legal protections, resource ownership, or economies of scale-prevent competitors from entering the market.
Options C and D apply to perfect competition. Option E contradicts the definition of monopoly.
Thus, options A and B correctly describe monopoly characteristics.
質問 # 51
When there is an expectation of lower income in the future, what is the effect on the demand curve for a normal good?
- A. The demand curve shifts down.
- B. The demand curve shifts right.
- C. The demand curve shifts up.
- D. The demand curve shifts left.
正解：D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, demand for anormal goodincreases with income and decreases when income falls. If consumers expectlower future income, demand for normal goods decreases, causing the demand curve to shift left, making option A correct.
A leftward shift indicates that at every price, consumers are willing and able to purchase less of the good.
Expectations about future income influence present consumption decisions, especially for durable and discretionary goods.
Options C and D incorrectly describe movement along a demand curve rather than a shift. Option B would apply if income were expected to rise.
Therefore, option A is correct.
質問 # 52
Which quantity is calculated using the formula variable costs (VC) + fixed costs (FC)?
- A. Average variable cost (AVC)
- B. Implicit cost (IC)
- C. Explicit cost (EC)
- D. Total cost (TC)
正解：D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,total cost (TC)is defined as the sum offixed costs (FC)andvariable costs (VC), making option C correct. The formula is:
TC = FC + VC
Fixed costs do not change with output in the short run, such as rent or license fees, while variable costs change with the level of production, such as labor or raw materials. Total cost captures the full economic cost of producing a given level of output.
Option A, implicit cost, refers to opportunity costs without direct monetary payment. Option B, explicit cost, includes direct monetary expenditures but does not represent the total cost formula. Option D, average variable cost, is calculated as VC divided by quantity produced.
Understanding total cost is essential for profit maximization and production decisions. Therefore, option C is correct.
質問 # 53
In which situation is the contender strategy appropriate for responding to multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
- A. There is low industry pressure to globalize, and competitive assets are transferable abroad.
- B. There is high industry pressure to globalize, and competitive assets are transferable abroad.
- C. There is high industry pressure to globalize, and competitive assets are customized to home markets.
- D. There is low industry pressure to globalize, and competitive assets are customized to home markets.
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, thecontender strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is high, but competitive assets are customized to home markets, making option B correct. This strategy is typically adopted by domestic firms facing strong competition from multinational enterprises (MNEs) in industries that are becoming increasingly global.
High pressure to globalize means that firms must compete on an international scale, often due to global customers, standardized products, or strong foreign competitors. However, when a firm's competitive assets- such as brand reputation, customer relationships, distribution networks, or regulatory knowledge-are deeply rooted in the home market, they are not easily transferable abroad. In this situation, the firm cannot immediately expand internationally without losing its competitive advantage.
Under a contender strategy, firms focus ondefending and strengthening their domestic positionwhile gradually upgrading capabilities to prepare for future global competition. This may involve improving efficiency, investing in technology, forming selective alliances, or learning from foreign competitors operating in the home market.
Option A describes conditions suitable for anextender strategy, where firms can leverage transferable assets internationally. Options C and D reflect low pressure to globalize and are more consistent with defender or dodger strategies rather than contender behavior.
Therefore, option B best captures the conditions under which the contender strategy is applied in response to MNE competition.
質問 # 54
What are features shared by monopolies and perfect competition? (Choose TWO.)
- A. In the long run, new firms can easily enter the market.
- B. The structure does not produce the welfare-maximizing level of output.
- C. Price is greater than marginal cost.
- D. In the long run, it is nearly impossible for new firms to enter.
- E. Firms earn economic profits in the short run.
- F. Maximum profit occurs when marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
正解：E、F
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, monopolies and perfectly competitive firms share two important features:
profit maximization at MR = MCand the ability toearn economic profits in the short run, making options E and F correct.
Option E applies universally: all firms maximize profit wheremarginal revenue equals marginal cost, regardless of market structure. This decision rule guides output choices in both monopoly and perfect competition.
Option F is also correct because firms in both structurescan earn economic profits in the short run. In perfect competition, short-run profits attract new entrants, while monopolies may sustain profits longer due to entry barriers.
Options A and B distinguish the two structures. Option C applies only to monopoly. Option D applies only to monopoly, not perfect competition.
Thus, options E and F correctly identify shared features.
質問 # 55
What are characteristics of monopolistic competition? (Choose THREE.)
- A. Product differentiation
- B. Free entry and exit
- C. Many sellers
- D. One seller
- E. Homogeneous products
正解：A、B、C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,monopolistic competitionis characterized bymany sellers,product differentiation, andfree entry and exit, making options A, B, and C correct.
Firms sell products that are similar but not identical, allowing them some degree of pricing power. Examples include restaurants, clothing brands, and personal services. Because entry is relatively easy, economic profits tend to be eliminated in the long run.
Options D and E describe monopoly or perfect competition, not monopolistic competition.
Thus, A, B, and C correctly describe monopolistic competition.
質問 # 56
Which term best describes a market structure of limited competition in which the market is shared by a small number of sellers?
- A. Monopolistic competition
- B. Perfect competition
- C. Oligopoly
- D. Monopoly
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, anoligopolyis defined as a market structure characterized bylimited competition in which a small number of sellers dominate the market, making option C the correct answer.
These firms collectively control a large share of total market output, and each firm's actions significantly influence the behavior and profitability of the others.
Oligopolistic markets are common in industries with high barriers to entry, such as automobiles, airlines, telecommunications, and energy. Barriers may include economies of scale, high capital requirements, technological advantages, or government regulation. Because only a few firms operate in the market, strategic decision making becomes critical.
Option A, monopoly, involves a single seller. Option B, monopolistic competition, includes many sellers offering differentiated products. Option D, perfect competition, involves many sellers with no market power.
Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that oligopolies are marked by strategic interaction, where firms must anticipate competitors' reactions when setting prices, output, advertising, or investment levels. This interdependence distinguishes oligopoly from other market structures.
Thus, option C accurately describes a market structure with limited competition and a small number of sellers.
質問 # 57
When an import tariff is placed on footwear, which quantity increases?
- A. Domestic demand for footwear
- B. The quantity of footwear imported
- C. Producer surplus for footwear
- D. Consumer surplus for footwear
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, animport tariffraises the domestic price of the imported good, making producer surplus for domestic producers increase, which makes option B correct.
When a tariff is imposed on imported footwear, foreign suppliers face higher costs, reducing imports.
Domestic producers benefit from reduced competition and higher market prices, allowing them to increase output and earn higher surplus.
Option A is incorrect because imports decrease. Option C is incorrect because higher prices reduce domestic demand. Option D is incorrect because consumer surplus falls due to higher prices and fewer choices.
Tariffs redistribute surplus from consumers to producers and the government, while also creating deadweight loss. Thus, option B is correct.
質問 # 58
A country has experienced a decrease in inflation. What is the effect on the country's currency exchange rate?
- A. It depreciates
- B. It increases
- C. It has no effect
- D. It becomes unstable
正解：B
解説：
In Global Economics for Managers, a decrease in inflation generally leads to an appreciation of a country's currency, making option C correct.
Lower inflation increases the purchasing power of a country's currency relative to others. As domestic prices rise more slowly than foreign prices, exports become more competitive, and demand for the currency increases. Under purchasing power parity, lower inflation is associated with currency appreciation.
Options A, B, and D contradict established exchange rate theory.
Therefore, option C is correct.
質問 # 59
In an oligopoly with an initial agreement to maximize total profit, which statements might a firm motivated by self-interest likely make? (Choose THREE.)
- A. "If my fellow firms fail to live up to the agreement and raise production, I am better off raising production myself."
- B. "I am better off reducing output below the agreed level."
- C. "Regardless of what my fellow firms do, I am better off raising production beyond the agreed-to level."
- D. "If my fellow firms live up to the agreement, I am better off raising production."
- E. "I should always cooperate, regardless of outcomes."
正解：A、C、D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, oligopolies often face aprisoner's dilemma, making deviation from collusive agreements individually rational. Options A, B, and C correctly reflect this logic.
If others cooperate, cheating by increasing output raises individual profit. If others cheat, matching their behavior minimizes losses. Therefore, regardless of others' actions, raising output appears optimal.
Options D and E contradict self-interested incentives.
Thus, A, B, and C correctly capture oligopolistic behavior.
質問 # 60
What is the definition of marginal cost?
- A. The total cost divided by total output
- B. The increase in cost that arises from producing an additional unit of output
- C. The fixed cost of production
- D. The opportunity cost of capital
正解：B
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,marginal cost (MC)is defined asthe increase in total cost that arises from producing one additional unit of output, making option B correct. Marginal cost plays a central role in production and pricing decisions because it reflects the incremental cost of expanding output.
Marginal cost typically includes additional labor, materials, and variable inputs required for one more unit.
Fixed costs do not affect marginal cost in the short run because they do not change with output. As production increases, marginal cost may initially decline due to specialization and efficiency gains, but it often rises later because of diminishing marginal returns.
Managers rely on marginal cost to determine optimal output levels. Producing beyond the point where marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue reduces profit. Therefore, understanding marginal cost is essential for profit maximization, cost control, and operational planning.
Thus, option B correctly defines marginal cost.
質問 # 61
Which statement is a description of theocratic law?
- A. It is a legal system that is the oldest, most influential, and most widely distributed in the world.
- B. It is a legal system that uses comprehensive statutes and codes as a primary means to form legal judgments.
- C. It is a legal system that is shaped by precedents and traditions from previous judicial decisions.
- D. It is a legal system based on religious teachings and dogma.
正解：D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,theocratic lawis defined as a legal systembased on religious teachings and dogma, making option A the correct answer. In this system, religious authorities interpret and enforce laws derived from sacred texts, and there is little separation between religion and the state.
Theocratic legal systems are typically found in countries where religion plays a central role in governance.
Laws governing personal behavior, business practices, family matters, and social conduct are often derived directly from religious doctrine. For managers, this means that compliance requires not only legal understanding but also sensitivity to religious norms and values.
Option B describescivil law, which is widely used around the world. Option C also refers to civil law, emphasizing codified statutes. Option D describescommon law, which relies on judicial precedents and case law.
Global Economics for Managershighlights that theocratic law can create unique challenges for multinational firms, particularly when religious principles conflict with international business norms or corporate policies.
Understanding the nature of the legal system is therefore essential for risk assessment and strategic planning.
Thus, option A accurately describes theocratic law.
質問 # 62
What is purchasing power parity (PPP)?
- A. A theory suggesting that the price for identical products sold in different countries must be the same in the absence of trade barriers
- B. The movement of investors in the same direction at the same time
- C. The gain from taking advantage of inefficient exchange rates
- D. The idea that a country's exchange rate is an indicator of socioeconomic well-being
正解：A
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,purchasing power parity (PPP)is defined asa theory suggesting that the price for identical products sold in different countries must be the same in the absence of trade barriers, making option A correct. PPP is a fundamental concept in international economics used to analyze exchange rates and compare price levels across countries.
The core idea behind PPP is thelaw of one price, which states that identical goods should sell for the same price when prices are expressed in a common currency, assuming no transportation costs, tariffs, or market frictions. If prices differ, arbitrage opportunities arise, leading market forces to adjust prices or exchange rates until parity is restored.
Option B refers to speculative gains from exchange rate inefficiencies, not PPP. Option C describesherd behaviorin financial markets. Option D incorrectly links exchange rates directly to socioeconomic well- being, which is not the theoretical basis of PPP.
Global Economics for Managersdistinguishes betweenabsolute PPP, which compares price levels directly, andrelative PPP, which focuses on changes in inflation rates and predicts how exchange rates should adjust over time. While PPP may not hold perfectly in the short run due to trade barriers and non-traded goods, it remains a valuable long-run benchmark for evaluating currency misalignment.
For managers, PPP is useful when assessing international cost competitiveness, long-term exchange rate trends, and global pricing strategies. Thus, option A accurately captures the definition and purpose of purchasing power parity.
質問 # 63
If the demand for a good is elastic, what is true?
- A. The quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.
- B. The quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price.
- C. Total revenue increases with a change in price in either direction.
- D. Price and total revenue move in the same direction.
正解：B
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, demand is said to beelasticwhen thequantity demanded responds substantially to changes in price, making option A correct. Elastic demand occurs when consumers are highly sensitive to price changes, often because close substitutes are available or the good represents a significant portion of income.
When demand is elastic, a small percentage change in price leads to a larger percentage change in quantity demanded. This relationship has important implications for pricing and revenue decisions. In such cases, price and total revenue move inopposite directions-a price decrease increases total revenue, while a price increase reduces total revenue.
Option B is incorrect because total revenue does not increase with price changes in both directions. Option C is false because price and total revenue move in opposite directions under elastic demand. Option D describes inelastic demand, where quantity responds only slightly to price changes.
Managers must understand elasticity when setting prices, forecasting revenue, and designing marketing strategies. Therefore, option A accurately defines elastic demand.
質問 # 64
What is an example of a company that is market-seeking?
- A. A company searching for a location where the cost of unskilled labor is low
- B. A company searching for a location where rocks and minerals can be mined
- C. A company searching for a location where there is a high interest in camping supplies
- D. A company searching for a location where a specific type of plastic is low-cost and readily available
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, amarket-seeking companyis one that invests in or enters a foreign location primarily toserve local or regional customers, making option C the correct answer. Market-seeking behavior is driven by demand-side considerations rather than cost or resource availability.
Option C describes a firm searching for a location where there ishigh consumer interest in camping supplies
, which directly reflects a desire to access and serve a specific market. Such firms are motivated by factors like market size, growth potential, consumer preferences, and proximity to customers. Market-seeking firms often establish foreign subsidiaries, sales offices, or production facilities to adapt products to local tastes and respond quickly to demand.
Option A describes aresource-seekingfirm, focused on obtaining low-cost or specialized inputs. Option B also reflects resource-seeking behavior, specifically in extractive industries. Option D describes acost-seeking (efficiency-seeking)firm that locates production in regions with low labor costs.
Global Economics for Managersclassifies foreign direct investment motives into market-seeking, resource- seeking, efficiency-seeking, and strategic asset-seeking. Market-seeking investment is particularly common in consumer goods and service industries, where understanding local preferences is critical for success.
For managers, recognizing market-seeking motives helps guide decisions about location, marketing strategy, and product adaptation. Thus, option C accurately illustrates a market-seeking company.
質問 # 65
In which mode of entry do companies build new factories and offices from scratch?
- A. Greenfield operations
- B. Co-marketing operations
- C. Direct exports
- D. Joint ventures
正解：A
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,greenfield operationsrefer to a mode of foreign market entry in which companiesbuild new factories and offices from scratch, making option D the correct answer. This approach represents the most direct and investment-intensive form of foreign direct investment.
Greenfield operations allow firms complete control over design, technology, management practices, and corporate culture. By starting from the ground up, companies can implement global standards, protect proprietary technologies, and tailor operations to strategic objectives. This mode of entry is commonly used when firms seek long-term presence in a foreign market and when suitable acquisition targets are unavailable.
Option A, co-marketing operations, involves collaborative marketing efforts rather than production investment. Option B, direct exports, requires no foreign production facilities. Option C, joint ventures, involve shared ownership and management rather than full control.
Global Economics for Managersnotes that while greenfield investments offer high control and potential efficiency, they also involve high costs, longer setup times, and greater exposure to political and economic risks. Managers must weigh these trade-offs carefully when choosing an entry mode.
Thus, option D correctly identifies the mode of entry in which firms build new facilities from scratch.
質問 # 66
An institution-based view of global business focuses on the specific relationship between which two entities?
- A. Firms and institutions
- B. Customers and firms
- C. Customers and institutions
- D. Firms and governments
正解：A
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, theinstitution-based view of global businessfocuses on the relationship betweenfirms and institutions, making option D the correct answer. This perspective argues that firm strategies and performance are shaped not only by industry conditions and firm resources but also by the institutional environment in which firms operate.
Institutions include bothformal rules(laws, regulations, property rights) andinformal constraints(norms, cultures, and ethical standards). Firms must align their strategies with these institutions to gain legitimacy, reduce uncertainty, and operate effectively. Governments are important institutional actors, but the institution- based view extends beyond governments to include social norms and cultural expectations.
Options A and B overlook the strategic role of institutions. Option C is too narrow, as it limits the relationship to firms and governments rather than the full institutional framework.
Thus, option D accurately reflects the institution-based view emphasized in global managerial economics.
質問 # 67
What is an example of goods that tend to have negative cross-price elasticities?
- A. Substitutes
- B. Luxury goods
- C. Complements
- D. Inferior goods
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,complementary goodshavenegative cross-price elasticity, making option C correct.
When the price of one good rises, demand for its complement falls. Examples include cars and gasoline or printers and ink.
Substitutes have positive cross-price elasticity. Inferior and luxury goods relate to income elasticity, not cross- price elasticity.
Thus, option C is correct.
質問 # 68
The marginal revenue from producing a smartphone is $200, and the marginal cost is $150. What is the best action for the firm?
- A. Exit the market altogether
- B. Decrease production
- C. Increase production
- D. Pause production
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, profit-maximizing firms shouldincrease production when marginal revenue (MR) exceeds marginal cost (MC), making option A correct.
Here, MR = $200 and MC = $150. Since the additional revenue from producing one more unit exceeds the additional cost, producing that unit increases profit. Firms should continue increasing output until MR equals MC.
Options B, C, and D contradict the marginal decision rule. Reducing or stopping production would forgo profitable opportunities.
Thus, option A is correct.
質問 # 69
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