オンラインGAFRBテストブレーン問題集とテストエンジン
リアルAGA GAFRB試験問題集には正解117問題と解答があります
AGA GAFRB 認定試験の出題範囲：
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質問 # 67
According to GASB, the costs of which of the following activities associated with internally generated computer software should be capitalized?
- A. selecting between alternatives for the software project
- B. testing the software for functionality and ease of use
- C. converting extra data not needed to make the software work
- D. training employees to use the software
正解：B
解説：
According to GASB Statement No. 51 - Accounting and Financial Reporting for Intangible Assets, costs associated with internally generated computer software can be capitalized only during the "application development stage." Activities in this stage that are capitalizable include:
Coding
Software configuration
Testing (for functionality)
Non-capitalizable activities include:
Preliminary project planning (e.g., selecting between alternatives)
Data conversion not necessary for the software to operate
Training employees
Therefore, testing the software for functionality is an activity that should be capitalized.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 51
GFOA Best Practices - Capitalization of Intangible Assets
C). testing the software for functionality and ease of use
質問 # 68
Separate fund financial statements should be presented for
- A. net assets and activities.
- B. long-term debt.
- C. governmental and proprietary funds.
- D. capital assets.
正解：C
解説：
Separate fund financial statements are required for:
Governmental Funds (e.g., general fund, special revenue)
Proprietary Funds (e.g., enterprise, internal service funds)
Fiduciary Funds (reported separately but not combined with government-wide statements) Long-term debt and capital assets are components within the financial statements-not fund types.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 34 - Financial Reporting Model
GASB Codification Section 2200 - Financial Reporting
GFOA Fund Reporting Framework
B). governmental and proprietary funds
質問 # 69
An agency's Fund Balance with Treasury is increased by which of the following events?
- A. a recovery of prior year obligations
- B. collection of custodial revenue
- C. receipt of a Treasury warrant
- D. rescission of an appropriation
正解：C
解説：
Fund Balance with Treasury (FBWT) increases when an agency receives a Treasury warrant. A warrant is the official document issued by the U.S. Treasury that provides budgetary authority to the agency and establishes funds available for obligation and disbursement.
Other options:
Rescission of appropriation # decreases FBWT
Recovery of prior-year obligations # may restore budgetary authority, but not necessarily FBWT Custodial revenue # collected on behalf of others; not retained by the collecting agency Relevant References:
Treasury Financial Manual (TFM), Volume I, Part 2, Chapter 5100
FASAB SFFAS No. 1 - Fund Balance with Treasury
USSGL Guidance on Fund Balance Transactions
A). receipt of a Treasury warrant
質問 # 70
The primary purpose of accumulating and reporting cost information is to O
- A. inform stockholders of detailed operational data.
- B. meet a SEC reporting requirement.
- C. provide a means for management to assess decision performance.
- D. include specific details in external financial statements.
正解：C
解説：
The primary purpose of accumulating and reporting cost information-especially in government and nonprofit environments-is to support internal decision-making. Cost data help managers assess program efficiency, evaluate resource use, and make policy or operational decisions.
While external financial statements may incorporate summarized cost information, and stockholders and regulatory agencies may have interests in private-sector settings, the most direct and core purpose is to support management.
Relevant References:
FASAB SFFAS No. 4 - Managerial Cost Accounting Concepts and Standards
GFOA - Cost Accounting for Decision-Making
OMB Circular A-136 and A-11 (federal reporting objectives)
B). provide a means for management to assess decision performance
質問 # 71
In state and local financial audits, material weaknesses must be reported to the
- A. legislature.
- B. local media.
- C. taxpayers.
- D. governing body.
正解：D
解説：
What Are Material Weaknesses?
* Amaterial weaknessin internal control is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies that creates a reasonable possibility of a material misstatement in the financial statements that would not be prevented or detected in a timely manner.
* In the context of state and local financial audits, material weaknesses must be reported to those charged with governance, as they are responsible for oversight and corrective actions.
Why Is the Governing Body the Correct Answer?
* Thegoverning body(e.g., city council, county board, or state commission) is directly responsible for overseeing the entity's financial operations and ensuring accountability. Reporting material weaknesses to them ensures that corrective actions can be implemented to strengthen internal controls.
* Auditors communicate such findings through anaudit reportor amanagement letteraddressed to the governing body.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
* A. Legislature:The legislature may have oversight of state budgets and appropriations but is not the direct governing body for financial audits.
* C. Taxpayers:While transparency is important, material weaknesses are not directly reported to taxpayers. They may be disclosed in public audit reports, but taxpayers are not the primary audience.
* D. Local media:Material weaknesses are not formally reported to the media; their disclosure depends on the entity's public reporting processes.
References and Documents:
* GAO Yellow Book (GAGAS):Requires auditors to report material weaknesses to those charged with governance.
* GASB (Governmental Accounting Standards Board):Emphasizes the importance of communicating significant audit findings to governing bodies.
* AICPA Audit Standards (AU-C 265):Requires auditors to communicate material weaknesses to management and those charged with governance.
質問 # 72
Wasteful year-end spending may be discouraged by including which of the following in the appropriation law?
- A. multi-year appropriation authority
- B. delimiting contracting procedures
- C. impoundment controls
- D. annual appropriations
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
Year-end wasteful spending (also known as "use-it-or-lose-it" spending) often occurs because agencies rush to obligate funds before they expire at fiscal year-end. Providing multi-year appropriations reduces this pressure by allowing agencies to obligate funds over a longer period, thus promoting better planning and reducing unnecessary or rushed spending.
Relevant References:
GAO Red Book - Appropriations Law
OMB Circular A-11 - Budget Execution
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Reports on Year-End Spending
D). multi-year appropriation authority
質問 # 73
Which of the following situations may cause contingent liabilities?
- A. loss on the sale of an asset
- B. building with asbestos
- C. unrealized loss
- D. impairment of an asset
正解：B
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
A contingent liability is a potential obligation that may arise depending on the outcome of a future event. A building containing asbestos represents a situation where a liability may be incurred if the asbestos must be removed due to safety regulations, public health concerns, or legal requirements.
Unlike realized losses (e.g., from asset sales or impairments), contingent liabilities depend on future events and uncertainty.
Relevant References:
FASAB SFFAS No. 5 - Accounting for Liabilities of the Federal Government GASB Statement No. 62 - Codification of Accounting and Financial Reporting Guidance GAO Red Book - Contingent Liabilities Examples B). building with asbestos
質問 # 74
A government issues general obligation bonds at a premium. The associated amortization would be reported on the
- A. Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance as a component of interest expenditures.
- B. Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance as a component of depreciation expenditures.
- C. Statement of Activities as a component of interest expense.
- D. Statement of Activities as a component of depreciation expense.
正解：C
解説：
When a government issues general obligation bonds at a premium, the premium is amortized over the life of the bond. Under the full accrual basis used in the government-wide financial statements (e.g., Statement of Activities), this amortization reduces the reported interest expense over time.
The fund financial statements (e.g., Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance) follow the modified accrual basis and generally do not account for amortization of bond premiums.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 34 - Government-Wide Financial Reporting
GASB Statement No. 65 - Items Previously Reported as Assets and Liabilities GFOA - Debt Reporting Best Practices B). Statement of Activities as a component of interest expense
質問 # 75
The footnotes to audited financial statements disclose
- A. a summary of significant accounting policies.
- B. the agency's performance metrics.
- C. information about the auditor's opinion on the financial statements.
- D. the accounting principles used to prepare the financial statements.
正解：A
解説：
Footnotes (Notes to the Financial Statements) serve to clarify and provide additional detail about the financial statements. Key components include:
Summary of significant accounting policies (e.g., measurement focus, basis of accounting) Details on capital assets, long-term liabilities, commitments, contingencies Pension/OPEB disclosures Not performance metrics or audit opinions (those are in MD&A and audit reports) Relevant References:
GASB Codification Section 2300 - Notes to Financial Statements
GFOA Best Practices - Financial Reporting and Disclosure
C). a summary of significant accounting policies.
質問 # 76
A federal agency should recognize an accounts receivable when
- A. claims to cash against other entities are established.
- B. orders are accepted for goods that are to be provided.
- C. agreements to provide services are received.
- D. taxes are expected to be received at a future date.
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
According to FASAB Statement of Federal Financial Accounting Standards (SFFAS) No. 1, an accounts receivable should be recognized when a legal claim to cash exists - that is, when the federal agency has provided goods or services or an enforceable claim to payment has arisen.
This typically occurs after performance has occurred, not merely when an agreement or order is received.
Relevant References:
FASAB SFFAS No. 1 - Accounting for Selected Assets and Liabilities
Treasury Financial Manual (TFM) - Receivables Accounting
OMB Circular A-136 - Financial Reporting Requirements
A). claims to cash against other entities are established
質問 # 77
What is the maximum period of subscription-based information technology agreement (SBITA), including any options to extend, that is classified as short term?
- A. 18 months
- B. 12 months
- C. 24 months
- D. 6 months
正解：B
解説：
According to GASB Statement No. 96 (Subscription-Based Information Technology Arrangements or SBITAs), a subscription agreement is considered "short-term" if the maximum possible term (including renewal options) is 12 months or less.
Short-term SBITAs are not reported as subscription liabilities and are accounted for as outflows (expenses or expenditures) when incurred.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 96 - SBITAs (Issued May 2020)
GASB Implementation Guide No. 2021-1 - Q&A on SBITAs
GFOA Advisory - Cloud Computing and Subscription Agreements
B). 12 months
質問 # 78
The quarterly inventory record below has been provided for use in preparing the organization's financial statements. Based upon the information provided, what method of inventory valuation is used by the organization?
- A. net weight scale
- B. LIFO
- C. FIFO
- D. average cost
正解：D
解説：
The organization's inventory records show that the beginning and ending amounts and values change each month, and the relationship between units and dollar values suggests that the cost per unit is averaged, not fixed (as with FIFO or LIFO). Let's evaluate January:
Beginning: 1,200 units / $2,400 # $2.00 per unit
Purchased: 800 units / $2,000 # $2.50 per unit
Ending: 600 units / $1,500 # $2.50 per unit
The ending value of $1,500 for 600 units gives a per-unit cost of $2.50, matching the purchase cost in January. This suggests the system uses a weighted average cost method rather than tracking the specific cost layers (as FIFO or LIFO would).
Relevant References:
FASAB SFFAS No. 3 - Accounting for Inventory and Related Property
GAAP and GASB guidelines on inventory valuation
GFOA Best Practices - Inventory and Supply Chain Management
B). average cost
質問 # 79
The capitalization of interest begins when all of the following conditions are met EXCEPT
- A. activities are in progress to get the asset ready for its intended use.
- B. interest cost is being incurred.
- C. the contract is signed for purchasing the asset.
- D. outlays for the asset have been made.
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
Capitalization of interest begins when three conditions are met:
Expenditures for the asset have been made (i.e., costs are being incurred) Activities necessary to prepare the asset for use are in progress Interest cost is being incurred Signing a contract does not trigger capitalization - the actual incurrence of costs and activities must begin.
This rule is based on GAAP and FASB/GASB guidance for capital asset construction.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 62 - Capitalization of Interest
FASB ASC 835-20 - Interest Capitalization
GFOA - Capital Asset Accounting Guidelines
A). the contract is signed for purchasing the asset
質問 # 80
Which of the following events is an example of an expenditure but not an expense?
- A. At the end of the fiscal year, the government receives and pays its electric bill for the previous month.
- B. At the end of the fiscal year, the government pays its employees for work performed.
- C. At the end of the fiscal year, the government pays for ten vehicles which will be depreciated over five years.
- D. At the end of the fiscal year, the government signs a contract to buy office furniture.
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
In governmental funds (using the modified accrual basis), expenditures are recorded when financial resources are used - typically when cash is disbursed. However, in government-wide statements (accrual basis), only the portion of the asset's cost consumed in the period is recorded as an expense (i.e., depreciation).
Paying for capital assets such as vehicles is an expenditure in the governmental funds, but not an expense in the accrual-based government-wide financials. Instead, the cost is capitalized and depreciated over time.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 34 - Government-wide vs. Fund Financial Reporting
GASB Codification Section 1300 - Modified Accrual Accounting
GFOA Best Practices - Capital Asset Reporting
C). At the end of the fiscal year, the government pays for ten vehicles which will be depreciated over five years.
質問 # 81
When a rural community creates a fire district to serve an area previously served by the county government, and the fire district receives no money or equipment from the county, this is an example of
- A. a government acquisition.
- B. a government merger.
- C. intergovernmental operations.
- D. a transfer of operations.
正解：D
解説：
According to GASB Statement No. 69 (Government Combinations and Disposals of Government Operations), a transfer of operations occurs when one government relinquishes or ceases operations and another government assumes those operations, but no significant consideration (money, assets, or liabilities) is exchanged.
In this case, the fire district is assuming responsibility for fire protection without receiving funds or assets from the county. That aligns with the definition of a transfer of operations - not a merger or acquisition.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 69 - Government Combinations and Disposals of Government Operations GASB Codification Section G60 - Combinations and Transfers GFOA Guidance on Intergovernmental Restructuring C). a transfer of operations
質問 # 82
The roles of GASB and FASAB are to
- A. establish auditing standards.
- B. follow FASB accounting standards.
- C. promulgate accounting standards.
- D. issue joint accounting standards.
正解：C
解説：
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) are both responsible for promulgating (i.e., formally establishing and issuing) accounting standards:
GASB: for state and local governments
FASAB: for federal entities
They do not establish auditing standards (that is the role of GAO and AICPA), nor do they issue joint standards or follow FASB unless no applicable guidance exists.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 1 - Authoritative Status of GASB Pronouncements
FASAB Mission and Responsibilities
GAO Yellow Book (Government Auditing Standards)
C). promulgate accounting standards
質問 # 83
What is the maximum period of subscription-based information technology agreement (SBITA), including any options to extend, that is classified as short term?
- A. 18 months
- B. 12 months
- C. 24 months
- D. 6 months
正解：B
解説：
According to GASB Statement No. 96 (Subscription-Based Information Technology Arrangements or SBITAs), a subscription agreement is considered "short-term" if the maximum possible term (including renewal options) is 12 months or less.
Short-term SBITAs are not reported as subscription liabilities and are accounted for as outflows (expenses or expenditures) when incurred.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 96 - SBITAs (Issued May 2020)
GASB Implementation Guide No. 2021-1 - Q&A on SBITAs
GFOA Advisory - Cloud Computing and Subscription Agreements
B). 12 months
質問 # 84
The Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996 formally recognized which of the following organizations as the standard-setting body for federal accounting and reporting standards?
- A. OMB
- B. FASB
- C. GAO
- D. FASAB
正解：D
解説：
The Federal Financial Management Improvement Act (FFMIA) of 1996 established the requirement for federal agencies to implement and maintain financial systems that comply with federal accounting standards.
It formally recognized the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) as the source of GAAP for federal agencies.
FASAB's standards are authoritative for federal entities, much like GASB for state and local governments and FASB for private-sector entities.
Relevant References:
Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-208, Title VIII) FASAB Handbook - Introduction & Authority GAO Federal Accounting Standards Overview D). FASAB
質問 # 85
Which federal agency activities would most likely use a trust fund to account for funds received and paid?
- A. general government programs receiving annual appropriations
- B. grant programs distributing funds awarded in prior years
- C. provisions of benefits, goods or services financed by specific revenue sources
- D. business-type operations financed by exchange revenues
正解：C
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
Trust funds in the federal government are used to account for assets held in a fiduciary capacity for specific purposes. These funds typically involve revenue dedicated by law for particular programs and purposes, such as:
Social Security Trust Fund
Medicare Trust Fund
Unemployment Trust Fund
These involve collections from earmarked taxes or contributions and are used to provide specific benefits or services.
Relevant References:
FASAB SFFAS No. 27 - Identifying and Reporting Earmarked Funds
Treasury Financial Manual - Trust Fund Accounts
OMB Circular A-11, Section 20 - Federal Fund and Trust Fund Definitions B). provisions of benefits, goods or services financed by specific revenue sources
質問 # 86
State and local budgets serve all of the following purposes EXCEPT to
- A. determine debt policy.
- B. serve as a financial planning tool.
- C. set public policy.
- D. act as legislative control on taxing and spending.
正解：A
解説：
State and local government budgets primarily serve to:
Set public policy priorities
Provide legislative control over taxing and spending
Serve as a financial planning tool
Debt policy is typically established outside the annual budget process and guided by a separate debt management policy that sets borrowing limits, credit rating objectives, and debt service goals.
Relevant References:
GFOA Best Practices - Role of the Budget
NASBO Budgeting Handbook
GASB Concept Statements - Financial Reporting Objectives
C). determine debt policy
質問 # 87
A governmental financial reporting entity is comprised of all of the following EXCEPT
- A. organizations for which the primary government is financially accountable.
- B. any organization for which records are kept by the primary government.
- C. the primary government.
- D. other organizations for which the nature and significance of their relationship with the primary government are such that exclusion would cause the reporting entity's financial statements to be misleading or incomplete.
正解：B
解説：
A governmental financial reporting entity includes:
The primary government
Legally separate organizations for which the primary government is financially accountable Other organizations whose exclusion would render the financial statements misleading or incomplete (per GASB Statement No. 14 and No. 61) Merely keeping records for an organization does not make it part of the financial reporting entity unless there is financial accountability or a significant relationship.
Relevant References:
GASB Statement No. 14 - The Financial Reporting Entity
GASB Statement No. 61 - Omnibus Amendments to GASB No. 14
GASB Codification Section 2100 - Reporting Entity
B). any organization for which records are kept by the primary government
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質問 # 88
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